International Trade and Finance Speech Essay

Introduction Today I would like to discuss, with you, the current state of the U.S. macro economy. I will attempt to simply address concepts and terms which focus on international trade and foreign exchange rates. Much of the discussion will focus around the surplus of imports brought into the U.S., and the impact it has on the U.S. businesses and consumers involved. I will also describe the effects of the international trade to GDP, domestic markets, and university students. It is important to understand how the government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, affect international relations and trade; so I will describe the interactive relationship in regards to tariffs and quotas, and how the government’s choices affect international relations and trade. We will also understand how foreign exchange rates are determined, and identify the reasons the U.S. does not restrict goods from China and minimize imports from other countries. Imports in the U.S. The U.S. imports many goods from various countries around the globe; and the trading of these goods plays an important role in the stability of economic growth for the U.S. The U.S. imports goods or products from other countries such as China; and if the U.S. has a surplus of imports it means there is an increase in the trade deficit, which is not good for the U.S. because trade deficits usually increase unemployment. Examples of products with an import surplus in the U.S. are China’s auto-parts. The U.S. auto-parts industry is at risk of lost jobs because of the rapid growth of auto-parts imported from China. The Chinese government unfairly subsidizes and trades auto-parts to the U.S.; which in return jeopardizes jobs related to the auto-parts industry in the U.S. Exports from the U.S. support jobs, but imports supplant production which would otherwise support U.S. employment. The U.S. auto-parts trade deficit increased from $9.5 billion in the year 2000 to $31.2 billion in the year 2010. During the year 2010, China’s exports of auto-parts exceeded their imports of U.S. products by 725 percent. The impact of this discrepancy between the two countries forces consumers and businesses, in the U.S., to evaluate which products are worth buying. Many times China’s products are manufactured just as thoroughly as their counterparts in the U.S., and they are often much cheaper to purchase. In order to save money, many U.S. companies and consumers will purchase goods from China, and also establish businesses and create jobs in that country which would otherwise benefit domestic employment (â€Å"Economic Policy Institute†, 2012). GDP I would like to next address the effects of international trade to the GDP, domestic markets, and university students. International trade has become important to the U.S. economy in recent years, and the benefits of a global market improve the U.S. standard of living. The problem for the U.S. is the contraction of the GDP because of reduced exports and higher imports. The outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets can decrease the currency of the dollar, and make imports more expensive to purchase. If the currency of the dollar decreases, domestic markets will suffer because now goods cost more to purchase. Domestic markets can also be affected by international trade. If imports are cheaper than domestic company products, then domestic markets may suffer because the imports are cheaper to purchase. Many international students and public and private institutions also benefit from the effects of international trade. The revenues generated by international students are important because they usually pay out-of-state tuition, and the education sector usually benefits from a trade surplus (â€Å"Business Day†, 2013). Tariffs and Quotas The government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, usually have a big effect on international trade and relations. Many countries rely on net exports to maximize their productions companies. When quotas and tariffs are introduced to the global market, it can affect the flow of goods and products to consumer nations; and can negatively impact the production companies. Because it is usually beneficial for international companies to maximize production, tariffs and quotas can potentially strain international relations and trade. Exchange Rates I would like to next address foreign exchange rates and what determines them. Most of us are aware that currency has a value attached to it. The difference between the two country’s currency value, and the rate for what they will be exchanged for each other; is known as the foreign exchange rate. The exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which determines the local demand for foreign currencies (â€Å"Businessdictionary.com†, 2013). Goods in the U.S. The question is often asked, if China has restrictions on U.S. imports, then why does the U.S. not restrict goods coming in from China? To answer the question simply, Chinese imports are important to the U.S. because China has the fastest growing markets in the world. If the U.S. were to stop imports from China, then accordingly China would stop imports for the U.S., and we would not have access that important market. It is vital to have relationships with the global market, because those trade relationships keep the U.S. relevant in the global economy. Many economists agree if the U.S. were to stop trading with foreign countries, then the entire global economy would collapse, which would result in the entire globe going into a depression. Conclusion In conclusion I would like to state that I hope I have addressed all of you questions about the current state of the U.S. macro economy. It is important to understand the importance of all countries involved with foreign trade, and how their imports and our exports directly affect the U.S. economy and our jobs. While we would like to be independent from a lot of foreign goods, the idea of total independence from foreign trade is virtually impossible. As we discussed earlier, the reason is because of our trade deficits and their countries ability to invest in the U.S. References Economic Policy Institute. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/bp336-us-china-auto-parts-industry/ Businessdictionary.com. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/foreign-exchange-rate.html Business Day. (2013). Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/the-impact-of-foreign-trade-on-the-economy/

Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave: The Experience of Reality Essay

The Allegory of the Cave In the Allegory of the Cave it is explain how reality is different for everybody. Not all of us have the same view of what reality is, most of us believe in what we see and that is the reality we know and the one we believe in. In this allegory we hear the story of prisoners who are chained in a cave just looking at a wall in front of them, behind them there is a fire and between that fire and them there is way, here is where people pass by and when this happens, the prisoners are able to see their shadows and this, for them is the reality. Then a prisoner is freed, and he is allow to go out of the cave and see the real world, here is where they learn that the shadows are not at all the reality, they learn more things about the world and then he goes again into the cave to tell his friends but they don’t believe this, because they only see him as a shadow and the stories they heard from him they are not even able to hear them. I believe that everybody has a different point of view of what reality is; everybody has their own theory of how they see life and how they experience it. In my opinion I think that most people believe that reality is what they see and that there is nothing else beyond that, but of course there are people that believe there is something beyond than what we see.

Outline and essay of Thomas Jefferson Essay

Thomas Jefferson I. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1836) II. A. Education- Was sent to Dover, Virginia, where he studied Latin with Reverend William Douglas until 1757. He was then sent to the school of the Reverend James Maury at Hanover, Virginia, and spent two years studying Greek and Latin classics, history, literature, geography, and natural science. In March 1760 Jefferson entered the College of William and Mary. B. Occupational Background- 1767- Jefferson admitted to the practice of law and became a successful lawyer. Also supervised the Shadwell Plantation. Was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Took an active part in events that lead to the American Revolution. 1776- Jefferson took his seat in Congress as an elected delegate and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Served as Secretary of State under Washington and Vice president under Madison. III. Served two terms (1800-1808) IV. Key issues prominent in Election- federal government vs. state’s rights, westward expansion of the nation, Native Americans, the freedom of lower class white men. V. Opponents A. First Election (1800)- Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican), John Adams (Federalist), Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist), John Jay (Federalist) B. Second Election (1804)- Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist) VI. Vice President A. 1st term vice- Aaron Burr B. 2nd term vice- George Clinton VII. Political Party of Jefferson- Democratic-Republican VIII. Domestic Happenings A. Louisiana Purchase (1803)- The Louisiana Territory was purchased for 15 million dollars from France. Doubled the size of U.S. secured navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Authorized purchase without making amendment, exercised the president’s implied powers to protect the nation. B. 12th Amendment (1804)- Citizens are to vote for President and Vice President separately. Prevented future electoral crises. C. Non-Importation Act (1807)- prohibited importation from Great Britain of cloth and metal articles. D. Embargo Act (1807)- Stopped shipments of food and other American products to foreign ports. Many were thrown out of work because of it. Was created to maintain U.S. neutrality. Created as a short-term measure to prevent confrontation between American merchant vessels and British and French warships and to put pressure on France and England. E. Non- Intercourse Act (1809)- passed by Jefferson in his last days of office. Reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France, and authorized the president to resume trade with Britain or France if either of them ceased to violate neutral rights. IX. Foreign Policy Decisions- Stated under domestic happenings. X. Major Conflict of Administration- A. Tripoli War (1801-05)- A conflict between the United States and Tripoli, incited by American refusal to continue payment of tribute to the piratical rulers of the North African Barbary States of Algiers, Tunis, Morocco, and Tripoli. Involved North Africa, was extension of fight about protection from pirates in Barbary States. B. Marbury v. Madison (1803)- Supreme Court of the United States established its authority to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with the Constitution of the United States. First time that the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress to be unconstitutional. Established Judicial Review. C. Burr Hamilton Duel (1804)- Hamilton publicly criticized Burr, Burr demanded for an apology and a duel resulted. Hamilton was fatally wounded. D. Republicans attack the federalist judiciary (1804)- Republicans were making every effort to remove federalist judges from power. The house was unable to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. Preserved the Court’s independence and established the precedent that criminal actions were the only grounds for impeachment. E. The Chesapeake Incident (1807)- British ship fired upon American ship that refused to be searched for deserters. Three Americans were killed, and eighteen wounded British seized four deserters, three were American citizens. Exposed American military weakness and increased the impact of impressments on the public. Would be the cause of Embargo Act. XI. Major Social Changes- A. People’s involvement in Politics increased. 90 percent of eligible voters cast ballots between 1804 and 1816. Political barbeques states, and new style of campaigning evolved. B. Slave revolutionist ideas began. C. American Art began to take shape. 1. Rembrandt Peale was one of most famous of first American artists. Was famous for his portraits of American presidents. XII. Major Inventions and Technological Advancements A. Robert Fulton’s invention the Steamboat, Clermont(1807) makes its debut XIII. Thomas Jefferson was a fairly good president and receives an overall rating of 6.5. His decisions and ideas were sometimes wise and sometimes foolish. Jefferson’s main goals were to restore government to its limited role, to extend the Republican’s power in the federal government, to establish republican virtues such as independence, self-reliance, and equality, and to reduce the National debt as much as possible. He also wanted to expand the nation and make it as powerful as possible. Like the presidents before him, he also wanted to maintain neutrality, undisturbed commerce, and no entangling alliances. Adams accomplished some of these goals. Initially, the national debt was decreased. Congress repealed all internal taxes, including the Whiskey Tax. Jefferson also declined to use the Alien and Sedition Acts against his opponents, and congress allowed both acts to expire. The Naturalization Act was also replaced with a much less severe one. He refused to recognize any of the appointments Adams made in the last days of his presidency, and awarded vacant treasury and judicial offices to republicans. He succeeded in his goal and got rid of the old Federalist programs he didn’t like. As for expansion, the purchase of the Louisiana Territory allowed Jefferson to achieve exactly what he had dreamed of. It also prevented war with France, over the Mississippi River. Accomplishing this goal however, contradicted his goal of eliminating the National debt and strictly abiding by the Constitution. Jefferson’s cabinet included Aaron Burr (1801) and George Clinton (1805-1809) as Vice president, James Madison as Secretary of State (1801-1809), Secretary of the Treasury Samuel Dexter (1801) and Albert Gallatin (1801-1809), Secretary of War Henry Dearborn (1801-1809), and Secretary of Navy Robert Smith(1801-1809). Albert Gallatin was one of Jefferson’s best  appointments. Gallatin worked to help achieve Jefferson’s goals in National budget. He cut the army budget in half and reduced the 1802 Navy budget by two-thirds. Gallatin moved to reduce the national debt from 83 million to 57 million. Robert Smith also had a significant influence. He oversaw the Navy that blockaded Tripoli to win the Tripoli war and also forced the Algiers and Tunis to renounce attacks against Americans. The president chose his cabinet because he believed they were the most qualified and wanted to achieve the same things he did. This was true for the most part, and his cabinet was on hi s side. The president and congress got along very well. The Republicans were in majority throughout his presidency so Jefferson had no problems with congress. When Jefferson declined using the Alien and Sedition Acts congress let them expire. Congress repealed the Naturalization Act, and created a new one that required less for citizenship. Congress also repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, so Jefferson could appoint a Supreme Court member. Jefferson controlled congress through his leadership of the Republican Party. It was firmly on Jefferson’s side and did everything it could to further the republican interest. Jefferson had to deal with domestic and foreign crises. The nations had built up a large debt, which could be called a crisis. Jefferson wanted to reduce the debt as much as possible. At first, he did do this by cutting funding. But with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory the debt only increased. In the seas, Jefferson was faced with a number of problems. Britain was practicing impressments. Senate passed the non-importation act but he suspended it in hopes of a negotiation settlement. Negotiations were unsuccessful so nothing changed. At the time the impressments of sailors wasn’t considered a crisis, but the Chesapeake affair made everyone aware. In reaction, Jefferson did not declare war, because he knew Britain had a superior Navy. Instead, he closed American waters to the British, and issued the Non-importation and Embargo Act. War may have been avoided, but by closing all American ports Jefferson created his own new crises. Smuggling resulted and the American econom y plummeted. By issuing the Embargo Act, he hurt his own nation more then his intended targets, Great Britain and  France. Resentment was also created throughout New England, and talk of succession started. To deal with this crisis he created, Jefferson issued the Non-Intercourse Act. The new Act solved the problems created by the embargo, but didn’t prevent any of the same problems that prompted it. The issuing of these acts was by far the president’s greatest failure. Although it was a failure, some good did come out of it. America’s industries grew. Forbidden to trade, Americans had to make their own products. The Embargo precipitated the Industrial Revolution. For Jefferson, the crises he dealt with are ones he’d rather forget. A minor crisis which Jefferson had to deal with was Aaron Burr’s conspiracy, the details of which are still unknown, either to establish an independent republic in the Louisiana Territory or to launch an invasion of Spanish-held Mexico. Jefferson acted swiftly to arrest Burr early in 1807 and brought him to trial for treason. Jefferson is not known as a good president for how he dealt with crises, it is the opposite. As for his accomplishments, the Louisiana Purchase was his greatest success. The territory was vast and benefited the nation in many ways. Not only was war avoided, but a mass amount of land was acquired. Navigation on the Mississippi River was also gained, which was extremely important for trade. This accomplishment was perhaps one of the greatest of any president and administration in American History. Thomas Jefferson was greatly respected by the people of his day. He was well known as a revolutionary leader and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He was also known and respected as the governor of Virginia. He truly served the people, and was the first president to lead a political party. Jefferson was a leader, and everyone who knew of him saw him as one. Jefferson was frugal, simple, and fickle. From the beginning, Jefferson made it clear that he wanted to represent the average American, unlike the other presidents before him, he dressed plainly, even at his inauguration. He was frugal in that he cut spending as much as possible, internal taxes were reduced and the military budget was cut, with the exception of the Louisiana Purchase. He was fickle in that he did not hesitate in buying the Louisiana Territory, using Federal power. Jefferson was known to believe in strict interpretation of the Constitution and it did not state that the president  had the authority to acquire new territory and integrate it into the nation. The president and his administration influenced decisions made by future administrations. Jefferson’s decision to exercise the implied powers the president has to protect the nation set a precedent for future presidents. Many things Jefferson and his administration did also affected the lives of future generations. The purchase of the Louisiana territory would create a whole new group of people, called frontiersman. People would settle into the area and live new lives. Purchasing the territory, although causing further debt, was the best thing for the country. It would end up being an excellent investment. Jefferson’s embargo act, also had a dramatic affect on the future. He did not know at the time, but the embargo Act would enhance America’s industries, and start a whole new trend. When the president made his decisions they were thought through, although not always good ones. The decisions Jefferson made in foreign affairs were mostly correct, because the nation was not ready for war and to stay neutral was the best thing. But Jefferson should have avoided war by using methods other than economic pressure. Jefferson was fairly-open minded and would listen to others. It’s hard to say precisely how open-minded he was, because his cabinet and congress agreed with him on just about everything. Overall, Thomas Jefferson was a good president. Although his results were far from perfect at times, his intentions were good.

Alternative Strategies to Combating Poverty Essay

Alternative Strategies to Combating Poverty - Essay Example The minimum wage should be raised to over $11 per hour. The majority of poor Americans are workers that sustain their households on very small salaries. The senate should pass a minimum wage, which guarantees the dignity desired by all households. Every worker needs to make wages that enable them to have decent lives. A minimum wage that is more than $11 an hour can guarantee the dignity desired by all people. It is because no employer will be allowed to pay miserable wages to workers, regardless of their efficiency situations. There should be a minimum wage and overtime protections for the care workers. The income of most home care workers is way below the minimum wage, yet they are among the biggest occupations in the US today. The Obama administration had in December 2011 promised to liberate 2.5 million care workers from poverty, but this has remained a long-awaited promise. Projections show that in the next decade, the demand for care workers will rise by 1.3 million. A new set of regulations should be devised and implemented by the government to provide a federal minimum wage and overtime protections for most home care aides. The government should invest more in the subsidized and transitional jobs. Many jobless people have little education and skills to cope with the stiff job market. Despite the recovery of the economy in America, about two in every five jobless people have been unemployed for at least six months. About 6.7 million young people are out of school and are not of working.

A Comparison of Linear and Daily Undulating Periodized Programs with Research Paper

A Comparison of Linear and Daily Undulating Periodized Programs with Equated Volume and Intensity for Strength - Research Paper Example The plants were selected based on traditional medicinal usage and application in alternative medicine. They are Artemisia absinthium, Psidium guajava, Melissa officinalis, and Costus speciosus. As part of the study, methanol bark and leaf extracts were obtained from the plants in different concentrations and exposed to various cancer cell lines for 24 hours. The growth of the cancer cell lines was measured against increasing varying concentrations of the plant extracts to determine the effect of extracts on the growth of the human cancer cells. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. This year, the number of new infections is expected to increase despite intensified efforts to prevent and manage the disease. One of the new approaches adopted in cancer prevention and management is the use of natural products. Natural products have been used for centuries to treat various illnesses, and they efficacy has been proven in studies examining the lifestyles of native tribes in the United States, Africa, and Latin America. Currently, natural medicines are used in treating around 87 percent of all known human diseases; these include cancer, bacterial and fungal infections, and immunological defects. It is also estimated that roughly a quarter of all prescription medicines in the world are sourced from plants and over three thousand plant species have anti-carcinogenic properties. This paper, therefore, contributes to the development of this research area by examining the cytotoxic impacts of the aforementi oned plants on the growth of human cancer cells. Artemisia absinthium, Psidium guajava, Melissa officinalis, and Costus speciosus have all been analyzed and used for traditional and contemporary medicinal purposes. They have proven their admirable antiparasitic, anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial, and antimicrobial qualities, hence justifying the need for more research on their antitumor attributes. Studies have shown

Blackhead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blackhead - Essay Example Two of such conditions are mentioned below; tetany and diabetes. Tetany: Calcium ion, Ca+2, is an essential ion in the proper functioning of all cells in the body. Hence, its maintenance in the blood within a narrow range is very important, as both its excess and deficiency can have very unpleasant effects. Normally, it is kept at a concentration of around 10mg/100ml. This is achieved by the antagonistic effect of two hormones; calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland in cases of excess calcium ion concentration in the blood, and so it reduces the concentration by causing increased calcium deposition in the bones, and reducing uptake of the ion by the intestines and the kidneys. On the other hand, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by the parathyroid glands in cases of a lowering of blood calcium levels from the normal, and so it induces an increased absorption of the ion by the intestines and the kidneys, and an increased decomposition of mineral calcium into the calcium ion by osteoclasts in the b ones, thereby increasing the concentration in the blood and returning it to normal. However, in the condition known as tetany, there is a dramatic decrease in the blood calcium levels, resulting in uncontrolled convulsive contractions of the skeletal muscles. If worsened, tetany can be fatal. Hence, the homeostatic control of calcium levels in the blood is compromised, resulting in dire effects on the body. Diabetes: the blood glucose levels are maintained around a narrow set point of 90mg/100ml. Glucose levels are monitored and controlled with the antagonistic functioning of two hormones, both released by the pancreas; insulin and glucagon. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level by inducing an increased uptake of glucose by the cells, and its conversion to glycogen to be stored in the liver and muscles, a decrease in the conversion of amino acids and fatty acids to glucose, and inhibiting glycogen breakdown in the liver. Glucagon, on the other hand, reduces blood glucose levels by decreasing an uptake of glucose by the cells, so that more glucose is present in the blood, an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and an increased conversion of amino acids and fatty acids into glucose. However, in the condition called diabetes, be it Type1 or Type2, there is a drastic increase in the blood glucose levels, either due to insufficient insulin production by the pancre as (Type1), or a decrease in the response of the target cells to insulin (Type2). Glucose concentration if increased so much that it is secreted by the kidneys in urine, and as excess urine is formed, this leads to dehydration and glucose accumulation in the blood. However, this glucose can not be utilized by the cells for metabolism due

Analysis of the Position of Female Entrepreneurs in the Middle East Essay

Analysis of the Position of Female Entrepreneurs in the Middle East - Essay Example In the West, most women compete on equal footing with men. This is because there are laws that are enshrined in the legal codes of most nations in North America and Europe that guarantee the rights of women. It must however, be pointed out that women were also oppressed in the West until the process of emancipation was initiated gradually in the early 21st Century (Stevenson, 2010). Also, the world order has sought to initiate changes and equalities in gender matters since the formation of the United Nations in 1945. However, this appears to be moving at a gradualist pace rather than in a revolutionary patter. In the Middle East though, Nazir and Tomppert identify that there is systematic discrimination that is entrenched and inherent in law, criminal justice, economy, heath care and education that keep women oppressed and limited in what they do (2005). It is identified that the communities in the MENA region maintain a strict patriarchal status (Moghadam, 2007). This is a system wh ereby a woman is seen as weak and as such, the society deems it a necessity for men to protect women from what they perceive to be against the honor of women. Typically, a girl is under the protection of her father. When she becomes a woman, she evolves to the care and protection of her husband. When she raises her children and they grow old, the male children have the duty of protecting their elderly mothers. As such, the progression of women is overshadowed by the fact that they have a unique and different role from men. Although this is often seen by most people in the Middle East and North Africa to be in the best interest of women, it stands in the way of gender equality and promotion of the interests of women and their ability to exercise their free will. Currently, globalization is forcing people in all parts of the world to make changes and harness equality and similar patterns in all aspects of life (Moghadam, 2007). This means that there is the need for women to be given e qual rights and fairness. The king of Saudi Arabia, who by default requires to exercise the highest levels of Islamic purity [his title is the Custodian of the Two Holiest Sites of Islam: Mecca and Medina] has acknowledged that the kingdom's approach to issues like women's right need to change since the world around them is changing gradually (Ramady, 2010). However, for changes to occur meaningfully, there is the need for the financial emancipation of women in the Middle East (Keddie, 2007). This will require a degree of guaranteeing the rights of women to get an earning capacity (Keddie, 2007). Female entrepreneurship is therefore an important and crucial element that needs to be attained through the financial emancipation of women. This is one of the most important ways through which the women of the Middle East and North Africa can catch up with their male counterparts and hasten the move towards the emancipation and equality of women that has been proposed through the current r eforms in Arab and Islamic nations. Based on this background, this research will examine important elements and aspects of female entrepreneurship in the Middle East. This will attempt to diagnose the status quo of female entrepreneurship in the Middle East and figure out the important aspects and elements that has led to these trends. The paper will also examine critical solutions to the issues that would be raised in the study. In attaining these

LAW OF TORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LAW OF TORT - Essay Example Failure to protect others from harm as a result of somebody’s conduct is known as negligence whereby a duty care will have been ignored. Against this background, this section of the essay seeks to critically assess the standard care owed by professionals compared to the normal test. From the above definition of tort, it is clear that everyone has a duty care to make sure that their actions do not harm their neighbours. However, with regards to this normal test, it does not always follow that duty care is owed by the third party which may result in loss of something which requires the plaintiff to prove that the resultant loss has been a result of the action of the third party. This emanates from the assertion that every individual has duty care to the neighbour. Thus, negligence in common cases ought to be proved by the plaintiff that he or she has been injured or suffered losses as a result of the conduct of the third party. In this case, the relationship between the parties involved may not be very distinct, the reason why the plaintiff has to prove that he has suffered for him to claim for damages from that resultant injury which would be unprecedented. Tort of negligence in this particular scenario will involve third parties which may not be directly related. Contrary to the normal test of tort, the standard of care owed by professionals is a bit clear and distinct. With regards to professionals, the duty of care owed to the other people is clearly distinct in most cases. For instance, at the workplace, it is the duty of the manager or the supervisor to ensure that the employees are conducting themselves in a way that will not cause harm to them. It is mainly believed that when workers are at work within the company promises, they are under the custody of the employer hence anything bad that may happen to them will be owed to the employer. In such a scenario, it is the duty of the employer to ensure that the day of duty care vested in him is not brea ched since this will warrantee some form of compensation. In the same vein, the day of duty care for children at school is owed to the teacher because he is the one with direct responsibility with the conduct of the kids. In other words, they are under the custody of the teacher so the standard care in this case is the responsibility of the teacher. The teacher will have been entrusted to take good care of the children so it is his duty to fulfil this trust vested in him. In some cases, a medical practitioner like a dentist or surgeon has a duty of care to his patients. In the event that he breaches that duty which may result in injury, shock or even financial loss falls under the tort of negligence and the professional involved will be liable for paying compensation. It is the duty of the medical practitioner to ensure that he does not cause further harm to the patient who has vested her trust in him knowing that he will be able to assist him. For example, Lord McMillan in Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92 (HL) suggests that the crude view that law should only take account of physical injury has been discarded and it now takes into consideration injury by shock. So in the event that a patient has been traumatised in the custody of a physician, he or she will be liable to sue for damages and ultimately compensation. It is only professional acts that are caught by the assumption of responsibility

By the end of the Qing dynasty, did China already have the main Essay

By the end of the Qing dynasty, did China already have the main features of a modern economy and state - Essay Example policies are divided in two: the state policies that are directly affect the economy (industrial and monetary policies) and government’s social policies that indirectly affect the economy (Pierson 2004, p.80). China is one state that was characterized by capitalism during its transition to a modern economy towards the end of Qing dynasty. The process of modernization was slow and often met with a lot of interruptions. Capitalism can be defined as the inclination towards a steady accumulation of wealth, this is according to Pirenne. Periodization of capitalism into early, high and late capitalism was made by a German economist, Werner Sombart and late capitalism is referred to as state capitalism and it happened between the period 1880 and the start of imperialism by Lenin (Goody 2004, p.3). The Qing dynasty dealt with the foreign people using the same methods that they dealt with other Asian countries. The war started in 1839 when Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu ordered suppression of drug (opium) trade between foreigners and the local merchants. The aim was to take away the control of opium trade from foreigners. He wanted the same control of trade as administrators had in Britain. After several wars with the British, China finally lost and agreed to form more trade concessions with the British. It saw the signing of the 1842 Treaty of Naijing and the treaty was in favor of the British. Defeat in the Opium War lead to the opening of the West into China and brought in a new era of Western Imperialism. The British captured the Guangzhou port and neighboring ports such as the Shanghai port and finally sailed upwards along the Yangzi River to Naijing. Many of the Qing officials committed suicide when they realized that they could not defeat the British. This is because the Qing dynasty had no enough armies and was lacking funds (Ebrey, Palais and Walthall 2008, p.298). Before the Opium War, the Europeans were allowed to trade at only one part of China, at the port

Fundamental International Relation Theory Issues Essay

Fundamental International Relation Theory Issues - Essay Example Class, in these terms, is the way economic power is distributed when economic activity is organized in an instrumentally-rational manner to the greatest degree. The problem of exploitation the extraction of labor effort from workers are treated, in this framework, primarily as a problem of technical efficiency and economic rationality in creating work incentives and effective discipline. This leads to a relatively impoverished conception of the nature of antagonistic interests generated by class relations. Key readings from Marx ("The Communist Manifesto" and "On Classes") help us understand the sociological analyses of inequality in the concepts of social class, exploitation, surplus value, markets, status, and power. (Dell, 227-9) The importance of production relations in Marxian theory with beliefs that the economic exchange is a positive-sum game and its emphasis on market relations could be a key prospect in understanding the basic or fundamental influence on modern European society. It could well be suggested that both property and market dynamics are important by relating each to the concepts of class composition. The basic concept may be incorporated into positive-sum game's emphasis on social closure to more clearly differentiate social classes which could develop into a model of the class structure, usefully differentiates relational and gradational conceptualizations of social class, and re-visits some key differences between Marxian and positive-sum game theory. But the end goal being the evaluation of Marxian and positive-sum game theory in the perspective of the modern society it could be well punctuated that the basic relevance of these perceptions are present even today but not necessarily in a visible manner. The insights of Marx and positive-sum game remain integral to sociological analyses of inequality even as more recent scholarship has promoted more contextual, and some would say more nuanced, models. (Fletcher, 63)Â  

Milk and Supermarkets Essay Example for Free

Milk and Supermarkets Essay Introduction In recent years, the relationship between supermarkets with UK farmers that called oligopsony is a heated topic in the society. Some people hold the view that the advantages of oligopsony overweigh those disadvantages. Nevertheless, others believed that it is one way that UK farmers controlled by the supermarkets. It is natural that people come from different backgrounds will have various attitudes to the same issue. In the report, the advantages and disadvantages of oligopsony for both supermarkets and UK farmers are discussed. In addition, nowadays the supermarkets in the UK in order to increase the profit, they use different types of marketing methods. Such as intense price competition, loyalty schemes and provides non-food products and service. The smaller retailers were influence by those marketing methods also reported as follows. 1. 0 Oligopsony Oligopsony is â€Å"similar to an oligopoly (few sellers), this is a market in which there are only a few large buyers for a product or service. This allows the buyers to exert a great deal of control over the sellers and can effectively drive down prices. †(www. investopedia. com A good example of an oligopsony would be the UK supermarket industry, in which a small number of large buyers (such as Asda, Tesco, and Sainsbury’s) control the UK farm market. Such control allows these supermarkets chains to dictate the price they pay to farmers. 1. 1 The effect on supermarkets According to the BBC news (http://news. bbc. co. uk), Tesco account the UK supermarkets share is 31. 6%, Asda took over 17% in the UK supermarkets share, which is ranked second. The third biggest one is Sainsbury’s, which accounted 15. 8%. (Appendix 1) The total percent of big three supermarkets took over more than 50% in all the UK supermarket industry. These supermarkets owned market power in two ways which are selling to consumers (oligopoly power) and buying from producers (oligopsony power). in another words, It means that the few firms have considerable market power in paying low price for inputs and makes it more difficult for the farmers to make a profit. For example, a big supermarket could contract with a dairy producer that the big one will buy all of product. The farmer agreed with the contract and started to supply the dairy to the big supermarket. Nevertheless, maybe the supermarket pay less and less later, and the farmer just can accepted lower price because the farmer produce too much dairy to supply to the big supermarket and it is not too easy to find a new buyers. Farmers who produced milk, vegetables, or other agricultural products have limited choice range, because in the UK, most of agricultural goods are bought by the big supermarkets. Oligposony gives the big supermarkets bargaining power in use lower prices with farmers. In this relationship, the big supermarkets have the absolute advantages over the farmers. They can made it possible that lower the price of agricultural goods, so that these supermarkets can give a reasonable price for the customers which will help the big supermarkets improve the competition with others competitors. In addition, they also can ask the special requirements for the product quality, the farmers are controlled and forced to accept a lower price of their product. 1. 2 The effect on the farmers. Oligopsony this relationship between supermarkets with UK farmers is ensures the agricultural goods can sell to the big supermarkets. Famers have the fixed buyers so they are need not worry about to find new buyers. However, due to most agricultural goods are bought by big supermarkets, the farmers have less choice. Famers used to have some bargaining power on the basis of seasonality. Because there are other competitors, they do not know what price has been offered by other producers and this forced them to offer their produce at a low price to ensure a sale. Especially the perishable foods. The supermarkets â€Å"dictate not only how much they will pay, but also how the produce will be packaged, stored and delivered. †(www. corporatewatch. com) â€Å"The small number of companies dominating both dairy processing (currently six processors control 93% of the industry) and retailing (six supermarkets control 65% of liquid milk and 70-85% of dairy produce sales) means that there is a significant imbalance of market power in the UK dairy sector.. †(â€Å"Supermarkets under fire†, February, 2003). It is easy to know that supermarkets have power in dairy industry in the UK. Though supermarkets have brought buying power to the dairy farmers, however, the big supermarkets in order to increased their power in the dairy sector, they developed own brand milk products. Since 1995, the price of fresh milk has declined; supermarkets have maintained their selling price and increased their profits at expense of both farmers and consumers over the same period. (Appendix 2) â€Å"The National Farmers’ Union has been particularly concerned about the plight of the UK’s dairy farmers. They claim that of the ? 1. 70 which a supermarket customer may pay for two liters of milk, less than 50p will go to the farmers. †(http://www. anformeresources. com) Charles Peers who are an Oxford shire organic farmer, he has said â€Å"There are two hundred thousand farmers, dealing with, basically speaking, three supermarkets, two grain merchants, four fertiliser companies. Not a chance†¦.. They’ve got power, real power. † From these, we can seen that oligopsony made it is possible that the farmers are forced to accepted a low price to sell their products, and the big supermarkets such as Tesco, Asda or Sainsbury’s are have the power in the UK market. 2. 0 How the supermarket to boost profits. In the past 40 years, the small independent shops shifted to huge supermarket chains. â€Å"In 1960 small independent retailers had a 60% share of the food retail market. By 2000, their share was reduced to 6% while the multiples share increased to 88%. †(Institute of Grocery Distribution, Grocery Retailing 2002) Andrew Simms, who works for the New Economics Foundation, says that: â€Å"we are witnessing the death of small and independent retailers and new retail feudalism is emerging as a handful of brands take over our shopping. † (http://www. corporatewatch. org.uk). Though the supermarkets have the market power in the UK, as a business organization, how to increase the profit is the first thing should be considered. In recent years, the huge supermarket chains use various types of marketing methods to increase the profit and the loyalty. Such price competition, loyalty schemes and provide non-food products and service. Supermarkets use various ways to convey price information to consumers, The price promotions including price reduction, a percentage discount, a voucher. In 2009, there was a new price war among the big supermarkets in the UK. Tesco planned to launch a new advertising campaign, which will â€Å"compare the cost of customers baskets of shopping against the prices of its competitors. †(http://www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk) Asda has already hold a new wave of discount on thousands of products that including fresh food and household products. And â€Å"100 frozen food products and 200 everyday health and beauty lines, such as shampoo and deodorant, would be sold for ? 1. †(http://www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk) Andy Bond, the retailer’s president and chief executive officer, said: â€Å"2009 is going to be a very difficult year. Sainsbury’s, the third biggest supermarket in the UK, also joined the price war, â€Å"Vowing to grow its Basics range to more than 600 products by the end of January, The supermarket said more than half of these products would be priced at less than ? 1. †(http://www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk) Except the price war, some of the supermarkets in the UK also offer loyalty schemes to attracting potential consumers. Tesco is a good example, every time when they shopping in Tesco, they will get points according to how much they spend. Sometimes, Tesco also listed products that buy one can get 500 points more to increase the demand of this product. Every month, Tesco will sent voucher or coupons to the loyalty card member’s home. The more you spend, the more you get. Using loyalty schemes not only will attracting potential consumers especially female, but also it is a low cost way to know the customer’s lifestyle. When the customer registers the loyalty card, they should fulfill the personal details. Tesco will well know what is popular among the customer depend on these details. Since 1995, the major supermarkets in the UK start provide the non-food product and services such as pharmacies, clothes stores in Asda, petrol retailers, and banking and financial in Tesco. The effect on the supermarkets will be dramatic, especially due to the growing consumer propensity for the â€Å"one-stop† shop. Non-food products and services will help the big supermarkets increased the market share in the UK, and improve the competition itself. What is more, it is also function as reduce the risk of products, as the proverb said: â€Å"do not put all your eggs in one basket. It is means that for a supermarkets, non-food products and services will share the risk with food products. 2. 0 The effect on the smaller retailers.

High School Student And Adulthood Essay Example for Free

High School Student And Adulthood Essay â€Å"The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried.† Understanding Defines Change Psychologists Scott Scheer, Stephen Gavazzi, and David Blumenkrantz undertook a comprehensive review and analysis of the psychoanalytic literature that discussed the rites of passage in adolescence; from the reading, they derived two truths concerning an adolescent’s rite of passages. Primarily, as Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz state, â€Å"Not all transitional events necessarily indicate the occurrence of life transitions† (1); however, â€Å"It is believed that both cognitive interpretation and integration are required before the event genuinely becomes a significant transition or rite of passage† (1). Essentially, to label a singular event as one that ignited a life transition, one must understand the resulting effects of the event. Additionally, according to Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz, the event that marks the end of the transitional period between adolescence and adulthood defines the rite. Principally, a singular event cannot accelerate one’s progression into adulthood without one realizing the effects or changes that the event caused. In â€Å"Self-Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson described the idealistic depiction of the Romantic hero’s rite of passage. Emerson states that â€Å"The power which resides in him is new in nature† (1), and he believes that a person should seek the meaning of that power for himself. Emerson’s statement that one doesn’t know the power that they have until one finds it (1) falls directly in line with Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz’s interpretation of one’s rite of passage. Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz postulate that one cannot arrive at adulthood without first understanding a transitional event. Similarly, Emerson reveals, in the quote at the top of the page, that one does not know his unique power until he has tried to find it himself. Likewise, if one didn’t find their unique power, based on the definition given by Emerson, one hasn’t successfully arrived at that â€Å"Time in a man’s education† (1), and, thus, has not successfully completed a rite of passage. Therefore, Emerson views rites of passage as events that are intrinsically bound to understanding, and without cognitive interpretation, an event cannot allow one to find one’s unique power, disqualifying it as a rite of passage. The idea that rites of passages are dependent upon cognitive understanding holds true throughout a number of literary texts. For instance, in Walden by Henry David Thoreau, Thoreau details the rite of passage of a king’s son. As Thoreau states, â€Å"One of his father’s ministers having discovered him, revealed to him that he was, and the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a prince† (72). Like Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz’s postulated, the son’s discovery alone did not result in the personality transition from that of a forester’s child to a prince. Instead, the son had to realize that he was, in fact, a prince before the transition could completely take effect. Thus, for one to totally embark and complete a rite of passage or a life transition, one must understand the effects of a singular event. (487) Works Cited Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Self Reliance.† Adventures in American Literature: Pegasus Edition. Ed. Bernard Brodsky. Orlando: Harcourt, 2004. 221. Print. Scheer, Scott, et al. Rites of passage during adolescence. Forum. n. page. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. http://ncsu.edu/ffci/publications/2007/v12-n2-2007-summer-fall/scheer.php. Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. New York: Penguin Classics Publishing, 2005

Functions of Management Accounting in an Organisation

Functions of Management Accounting in an Organisation â€Å"One of the functions of Management Accounting is to provide information for control purposes within an organisation.† The importance of control within an organisation The ways in which management accounting information can be used for control. The factors which may influence the effectiveness of control information. Introduction In simple terms, management accounting is the amalgamation of the two important functions ‘management’ and ‘accounting’. Thus when the principles of management and accounting are married to achieve corporate objectives the process is deemed to provide tangible results. Accounting has been defined by the American Accounting Association as, â€Å"the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of information.† On the other hand, Management according to Drucker (1974) consists of the performance of functions like planning, controlling, organising, communicating and motivating. The following paper will analyse the key functions performed by management accounting. This paper will also attempt to highlight the contribution of management accounting in achieving control in the organisation. Besides, the paper will also provide a descriptive analysis of how effective control can be implemented within an organisational context. According to Johnson and Kaplan (1987) management accounting emerged since the early nineteenth century with the emergence of managed and hierarchical enterprises. The industrial revolution and in particular the rapid growth of railways led to an even faster growth of management accounting systems. Hence according to Johnson and Kaplan (1987) management accounting systems evolved to motivate and evaluate efficiency of internal processes and not to measure the overall profit of the organisation. Information is a powerful tool for every organisation. In today’s competitive and volatile business environment, information is one of the important tools which provides organisation with a competitive edge. In an organisation, managers would require information that will help them in making decisions and controlling activities. As highlighted by Drury (1998:3), information is needed to estimate selling prices, costs, demand, competitive position and profitability of various products that are made by the organisation. Accounting information provides the managers the power to assess the credit worthiness of a potential borrower. It can be said that management accounting is that branch of accounting which is concerned with the provision of information to people within the organisation to help them make better decisions. Organisations perform tasks to achieve organisational objectives, which are derived from the mission statements and which are then broken down into long and/or short term objectives. The successful achievement of these objectives depends on effective management processes. The processes will yield desirable results only when efficient performance management and measurement systems are in place. This further highlights the importance of having a system of control and review in the organisation. Control therefore involves a comparison of actual performance with plans so that deviations from plans can be identified and corrective action can be taken (Drury, 1998: 13). Importance of Control Control is not very different from monitoring. >From a human resource management perspective, it is essential to control/monitor the performance of individuals, as it in turn has an impact on the overall organisational performance. Various benchmarks and performance indicators are decided, which vary from one organisation to other and from one industry to other, which accurately measures how well a company is doing in relation to its past performance and how well is it performing on an industry wide basis. Performance can be measured in both qualitative and quantitative terms. Quantitative measures are easier to measure and interpret, thus accounting ratios, turnover, profit levels etc, provide a sound basis of measurement for performance. Control, therefore, serves the purpose of ensuring that the gap between actual and target performance is minimised. The control process enables management to assess whether or not the objectives included in the long-term objectives are likely to be achieved or not. An effective control system would highlight potential problems and provide warning signals if the likelihood of meeting the long-term objectives was bleak. The importance of having control mechanisms can only be understood in light of explaining the consequences of lack of having one. Lack of any kind of control in the organisation would mean that individuals would be doing whatever they wish to do. There would be no clear aims and objective towards which the individual would be working. This would lead to ultimately the organisation losing a sense of direction as well as prolonging the achievement of strategic objectives and to a great extent slowing down the growth of the company. Lack of appropriate control mechanisms would mean that employees in the organisation would not be appraised accurately. The scenario where the manager has the data and statistics relating to the actual performance against the required performance would mean he would be providing a more objective appraisal and feedback and thereby giving the employee more tangible targets to work towards; comparing that to a scenario where the manager does not have any such information would only mean that the appraisal is subjective, biased and flawed. This could ultimately have an effect on the motivation and morale of the employee. Control mechanism would avoid the occurrence of any such scenario, as the benchmarks would already be set against which the employee would be measured. A control system is a communication network that monitors activities within the organisation and provides corrective action in the future. Emmanuel et.al (1990) states that four conditions must be met before any process can said to be controlled: Objectives for the process being controlled must exist. The output of the process must be measurable. In other words, a mechanism must be in place for ascertaining whether the process is attaining its objectives A predictive model of the process being controlled is required so that causes for non-attainment can be identified and proposed corrective actions evaluated. There must be capability for taking action so that deviations from objectives can be reduced. It must be noted, that for any control mechanism or system to work efficiently, it must be supported by efficient communication systems. Any activity in the firm, which will have an impact on its development and profitability, will only work when it is communicated at all levels of the organisation. Thus, control measures supported by a positive communication system are imperative for the control structure to provide beneficial results. Management Accounting and Control From management accounting perspective, budgeting is an important variable to ensure effective control. Budgeting provides managers with the tool to ascertain which costs do not conform to the original plan and enables them to operate ‘management by exception’ system. This would help the managers to identify inefficiencies which might arise from the purchase of inferior quality materials. It is important to note that it would be misleading to compare actual costs at one level of activity with budgeted costs at another level of activity. Thus it is important that the original budget must be adjusted to the actual level of activity. In addition, management accounting also provides scope to prepare performance reports which would indicate whether the scheduled production of x number units has been achieved or not. The reasons could vary from inefficiency of the manager in managing or in failing to meet the budgeted sales demand or drafting of an incorrect sales budget; whatever the cause performance report indicates how efficient the manager has been in controlling the costs by comparing actual against total. Management accounting also presents information about performance, which is done by comparing budgeted outputs and costs with actual outputs and costs. This can be achieved by preparing management audits. According to Drury (1998), management audits in that sense investigates the entire management control system and focuses on the following aspects of organisational performance: The nature and functioning of the organisation’s managerial systems and procedures. The economy and efficiency with which the organisation’s services are provided. The effectiveness of the organisation’s performance in achieving its objectives. While producing management audit, the control aspect within it would involve exploring questions on the ways of comparing objectives with the needs of the population, methods of identifying activities that are not meeting objectives, the use of investment appraisal techniques and the methods of monitoring projects against the initial appraisal. Besides management audit, performance reports also provide measures to monitor activities. Drury suggests that performance reports must not be used as a tool to blame the employees. Instead it should be used to monitor activities and identify those items which do not proceed according to plan and the report must take into account the variability in costs. The rationale is that some costs vary with changes in the level of activity; hence it is important to consider the variability. In the preceding paragraphs communication was identified as an important tool in effective control implementation. Besides communication several other factors like filtering ‘noise’ from the data is important. Inaccurate information can distort the very purpose of control. Therefore an effective control system should ensure that data and information must be relevant. From an accounting perspective it is imperative that relevant and irrelevant costs are accurately distinguished and so that the possibility of inaccurate budgets is minimised. This can only happen when resource analysis and management audits are performed on a regular basis. Moreover, the analysis must use factors which make the analysis more objective rather than subjective. Conclusion From the preceding paragraphs it can be concluded that having a control system is imperative for an organisation to meet its long terms strategic goals and objectives. Control system provides a tool for the managers not only to assess the performance of their staff but also it helps to asses their own performance in terms of identifying inefficient practices. It provides them with the opportunity to review and reassess the working methods so that unnecessary costs can be minimised, organisational performance can improve and the organisation stays with budget. Management accounting provides various options like budgets, management audits, and a performance report structure which helps the managers achieve the objective of effectively managing their function. However, control systems can provide best results only when accompanied with an equally efficient communication structure. For any system to work efficiently it is imperative that the benefits, rationale and method of the system a re communicated to all staff members at all levels. Thus in conclusion it can be said that the information provided by management accounting aides in maintaining control in the organisation and one of the core purposes of management accounting is to provide information for control and monitoring purpose in the organisation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Atrill, Peter and McLaney, Eddie, Management Accounting for Decision-Makers, (2004), FT Prentice Hall Black, Geoff, Introduction to Accounting and Finance, (2005), FT Prentice Hall Drucker, P. Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, (1974) Heinemann Drury, Colin, Management and Cost Accounting, (1998), 4th edition, Thomson Business Press. Emmanuel, C.R., Otley, D.T., and Merchant, K., (1990), Accounting by Management Control, Chapman and Hall Johnson, H.T., Kaplan, R.S., Professors, customers and value: bringing a global perspective to management accounting education, in Performance Excellence in Manufacturing and Services Organisation., American Accounting Association Garrison, Ray, Noreen, Eric, Seal, Willie, Management Accounting: European Edition (2002), McGraw Hill Higher Education Horngren, Charles, Stratton, William O., Sundem, Gary L., Introduction to Management Accounting, (2004), FT Prentice Hall.

The Bonds of the Soviet People Essay -- Stalin, history of the USSR

Elena Gorokhova explains in her memoir that â€Å"The rules are simple: they lie to us, we know they're lying, they know we know they're lying, but they keep lying to us, and we keep pretending to believe them.† The novel, A Mountain of Crumbs, depicts the hopelessness, opression and deception of life behind the Iron Curtain during the 70s and 80s. Many rights of the people within the Soviet Union were violated and unacknowledged. In ages past, there were no human rights but the idea evolved after a while. It was at the end of World War II that the United Nations created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with the purpose of saving future generations from devastating internal conflicts. Human rights are the rights one has simply because one is a human being. There is no distinction between who can exercise and obtain their rights. Some of these obvious rights include that all humans are born free with the promise of life, liberty and security of person. The above right s should be protected and respected by everyone. However, the rights of the communist nations in the USSR were not kept safe. Specifically, the rights to emigrate and move freely as pleased, the freedom of consciousness, thought and religion and the ability to express oneself as they wish. Essentially, people’s rights were being restricted within the Iron Curtain, many of them uncovering their voices and pleeing for change at once, but instead they encountered armed forces prepared to erase anyone in defense of the status quo. Even though there were not many alternations in the socialist regime of the Soviet Union, there were plenty after World War II. The Big Three, U.S President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premi... ....org/history/1953-the-east-german-uprising>. â€Å"The Potsdam Conf. 1945.† U.S Departments of State; Office of the Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. . Ray, Rob, and John S, eds. â€Å"1956: The Hungarian Revolution.† Libcom. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights.† Human Rights. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"What are human rights and how do they function?† Mount Holyoke. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"The Yalta Con, 1945.† U.S Department of State. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. .

Elies Wiesel And Night :: essays research papers

Elie's Wiesel and Night Do you see that chimney over there? See it? Do you see those flames? Over there- that's where you're going to be taken. That's your grave, over there. Haven't you realize it yet? You dumb bastards, don't you understand anything? You're going to be burned. Frizzed away. Turned into ashes. Night is one of the masterpieces of Holocaust literature. It is the autobiographical account of an adolescent boy and his father in Auschwitz. Elie Wiesel writes of their battle for survival, and with his battle with God for a way to understand the wanton cruelty he witnessed each day. Elie Wiesel was born in a little, quiet town called Sighet, in transylvania where he had lived all of his young life. Quiet until the 1940's, when the city, and eke himself charged for ever, just as Europe, and for that matter the world. One day they expelled all the foreigners of the city, and Wiesels master in the study of cabbala (Jewish mysticism) of a foreigner so he was expelled too. The deportees were soon forgotten, he writes. However a few lines later he explains why this is relevant, and gives the reader an idea of what was going on in the minds of the jews living where he did. He told his story (referring to the expelled Rabbi) and that of his companions. The train full of deportees had crossed the Hungarian frontier and on Polish territory had been taken in charge by the Gestapo. The jews had to get out and climb into lorries. The lorries dove towards a forest. The jews were made to get out. They were made to dig huge graves. And when they had finished their work, the Gestapo began theirs. Without passion, without taste, they slaughtered their

Discussion in terms of Fayol’s Managerial Functions Essay -- Business

Discussion in terms of Fayol’s Managerial Functions Henri Fayol proposed that all managers perform five management functions. 1- Planning, 2- Organizing, 3- Commanding, 4- Coordinating, 5- Controlling. Most management books still continue to be organized around the management functions, Although they have been condensed down to basic and very important functions. 1- Planning The planning functions involves the process of defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving these goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities. Our instructor also defines or goals which is standard education and successfulness in the exams, according to this concern he establish the ways and strategies that how can we perform well in our exams. 2- Organizing Managers are also responsible for arranging work to accomplish the organization’s goals. This function is called Organizing. It involves the process of determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whome, and where decisions are to be made. 3- Leading When managers motivate subordinates, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues, the are leading.. Our instructor leading us by motivating through his moral support, he use best channels to teach us, he polish our attitude by using his good behavioral skills. 4- Controlling Management function that involves monitoring actual performance, comparing actual to standard, and taking action, if necessary. Our instructor controlling his class by monitoring the students, he maintain discipline, even threats students if necessary. Discussion in terms of Mintizberg’s Managerial roles Henry Mintzberg, a prominent management researcher says that what managers do can best be described by looking at the roles the play at works. Mintzberg Developed a categorization scheme for defining what managers do. He concluded that managers perform ten (10) different but highly interrelated roles. The managerial Roles. 1- Interpersonal 1- Figurehead 2- Leader 3- Liaison Provide information 2- Informational 1. Monitor 2. Disseminator 3. spokesperson Process information 3- Decisional 1. Entrepreneur 2. Disturbance handler 3. Resource... ... they seldom actually say it, and they never write it down. And the main employment of numbties world-wide is in creating project specifications. You must know this - and protect your team accordingly. 9. Becoming a Great Manager. The first steps to becoming a really great manager are simply common sense; but common sense is not very common. This article suggests some common-sense ideas on the subject of great management. Skills changes according to Management Level The extent to which managers perform the functions of management - planning, organizing, directing, and controlling - varies by level in the management hierarchy. A manager is someone skilled in knowing how to analyze and improve the ability of an organization to survive and grow in a complex and changing world. This means that managers have a set of tools that enable them to grasp the complexity of the organization's environment. 1- Most of the first line manager’s time is allocated to the functions of directing and controlling. 2- Middle management implements top management goals 3- In contrast, top managers spend most of their time on the functions of planning and organizing.

Health Education and Technology Essay

According to Bastable, â€Å"Technology has had such an impact on workforce training that it has given birth to a new industry and a new set of buzz words that define an Information Age approach to staff education. † (2007, p. 548) Thus, the inclusion of technology early on, as in its integration to education, has been deemed necessary. However, due to the evolution of technology, curriculum design and implementation in the field of health education will undergo a series of changes and modifications. These various changes will be determined based on the outcomes of technological evolution, the perceived potential of technology to change the landscape of health education in the future, and the educational theories, principles, approaches, etc. developed by respected members of the academic institution through research studies. According to Iwasiw, Goldenberg, and Andusyszyn, â€Å"Curricuralists should gather data about technology and informatics for health care and education, as well as expected developments† (2008, p. 13) Based on pertinent information gathered by academicians, the focal point and foundations of curriculum design are expected to change. Apart from the traditional contents of the curriculum, the scope of curriculum design should be broadened in order to include the â€Å"e-health paradigm of heath care† (Iwasiw, Goldenberg, & Andrusyszyn, 2008, p. 113), literacy in information technology, health education across disciplines, and health education in the changing world. In addition, due to the impact and contributions of technology to the field of health, allowing the course nursing informatics to become compulsory will help in opening up opportunities for the improvement of curriculum design through the undeviating inclusion of technology and informatics. When we think about it, making nursing informatics compulsory makes the course an important learning area or aspect of health education. Consequently, much needed attention will be diverted to the improvement of the course by making course objectives, contents, instructional processes, and so on, up-to-date. Thus, the quality of health education, due to its appropriateness with current technology, will also improve. Just as curriculum design changes due to the evolution of technology, the implementation of the curriculum during instruction is also expected to change. As Bradshaw and Lowenstein (2006) have discussed, the delivery of the curriculum as influenced not only by traditional concepts in education but also by technology â€Å"require organized and planned educational experiences that are guided to promote lifelong learning as well as individually motivational and experiential learning activities that involve a variety of experiential teaching methods† (p. 272). Due to the inclusion of technology in the curriculum, the process of instruction will become more complex such that the assessment of the students and the selection of instructional tools, methods, and approaches are not merely based on student interests, learning capacities, learning content, etc. but also on the kinds of technology that fits the curriculum content. (Bradshaw & Lowenstein, 2006) In terms of the instruction, the instructional process is facilitated by the use of technology. However, when it comes to learning content, the integration of technological concepts become necessary. In addition, the scope of learning content also varies from time to time since available technological tools and devices intended to facilitate heath education and health care processes change over time. For these reasons, diversity and variation should be accepted and acknowledged by academic institutions since the curriculum design and the implementation of the curriculum shall change along with the evolution of technology along the way.

Froebel Kindergarten Essay

Freidrich W. A. Froebel is best known as the founder of kindergarten. He was a German educationalist. Froebel was born in 1782 in a village in Germany. His childhood was difficult because his mother died when he was a baby and his father abandoned him. Froebel was given to his uncle’s care. Between 1808-1810 he attended the training institute run by John Pestalozzi at Yverdon. Froebel left the institution accepting the basic principles of Pestalozzi’s theory: permissive school atmosphere, emphasis on nature, and the object lesson. Froebel, however, was a strong idealist whose view of education was closely related to religion. He believed that everything in this world was developed according to the plan of God. He felt that something was missing in Pestalozzi’s theory: the â€Å"spiritual mechanism† that, according to Froebel, was the foundation of early learning. Froebel’s philosophy of education rested on four basic ideas: free self-expression, creativity, social participation, and motor expression. Froebel began to focus on the needs of children just prior to entering school. He envisioned a place attended by 4-6 year olds where children would be nurtured and protected from outside influences—like plants in a garden. Froebel decided to call his school kindergarten, which in German means â€Å"child garden. † Froebel began a training institute for the teachers of his schools. He believed that teachers should be highly respected people with values that the children should imitate. The teacher should also be a sensitive, open, and easily approachable person. Froebel’s first kindergarten was founded in 1837 in Blakenburg Germany. It featured games, play, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination and develop physical and motor skills. The materials in the room were divided into two categories: â€Å"gifts† and â€Å"occupations. † Gifts were objects that were fixed in form such as blocks. The purpose was that in playing with the object the child would learn the underlying concept represented by the object. Occupations allowed more freedom and consisted of things that children could shape and manipulate such as clay, sand, beads, string etc. There was an underlying symbolic meaning in all that was done. Even clean up time was seen as â€Å"a final concrete reminder to the child of God’s plan for moral and social order. † In 1848, the Prussian government ordered these schools to be closed because they did not agree with Froebel’s ideas. Then Froebel died in 1852, not knowing the impact his work would have on the U. S. school system. Then many Germans immigrated to the United States after the German Revolution. Among them were women trained in the Froebel system of education. It was these women who were responsible for bringing kindergarten to the United States. The first U. S. kindergarten was for German immigrant children in Wisconsin and taught in German. Then in 1873 kindergarten was introduced in the public American schools. Freidrich Froebel’s ideas provided the major direction for kindergarten curriculum during the last half of the nineteenth century. Many of his ideas can still be observed in kindergarten today: learning through play, group games, goal oriented activities, and outdoor time. Now applying Froebel’s philosophy of education to the Bahamas. From the National Task Force on Education (1994) Final report. This was stated about Pre-Schools. PICTURE. But yes we do have active kindergartens in many schools. I know for sure on the island of Eleuthera there is the kindergarten section in all of the primary schools. But upon my research I found that there are kindergarten sections in only a few schools here in New Providence. Example: The Bahamas Academy School. Here is a quick look at their curriculum. Then there is one in Yellow Elder Gardens and Elizabeth Estates. REPORTING TODAY FROM THE EDUCATIONAL CHANNEL, I’M VASHTE’ NAIRN.

Reprocudtive Health Bill

Chelsea Samatra, Kenneth Ragus Samatra,Ragus 1 Ms. Daligcon Period 4 A Battery That Makes Cents Abstract Many coins in the pile will make the most electricity. If there are more coins in the pile, then the more electricity it can produce, because the more electrons you have, the more electricity you will get. Batteries are expensive, but you can make one for exactly 24 cents! In this experiment, you will make your own voltaic pile using pennies and nickels. In the data, we will see if the number of pennies and nickels will affect the number of voltage and current.Problem How many coins in the pile will make the most electricity? Hypothesis If there are more coins, then the more electricity it can produce, because the more electrons you have the more electricity you will get. Samatra, Ragus 2 Background/Research You might think that batteries are a modern invention, but batteries were one of the first ways of making electricity. Alessandro Volta discovered the first electric battery i n 1800. He made a giant stack of alternating layers of zinc, blotting paper soaked in salt water, and silver. This early design for a battery became known as the  voltaic pile.How does a voltaic pile make electricity? The key to electricity is the movement of  electrons. In a voltaic pile, electrons move from one metal to the other through the saltwater solution. The saltwater solution is called an  electrolyte, and it contains  ions  in solution from the dissolved salts. An ion is a group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge. The ions react with the metals, causing an  electrochemical reaction, a special kind of chemical reaction that makes electrons. The two types of metals in a voltaic pile are called  electrodes.Since there are two kinds of metals, one metal reacts more strongly than the other, which leaves an electrical potential difference, also called voltage, between the two types of metals. One metal becomes positively charged, the posi tive electrode and the other becomes negatively charged, the negative electrode. This causes electrons to move, creating an electrical  current  which is measured in amperes, and then you have electricity! In addition, the formula for voltage is current times resistance or V = I*R, so the formula for current will be voltage divided by resistance or I = V/R.Samatra, Ragus 3 Vocabulary Words: * Electrochemical Reaction – branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions * Electron – Also called negatron, an elementary particle that is a fundamental constituent of matter * Voltaic Pile – battery consisting of voltaic cells arranged in series; the earliest electric battery devised by Volta. * Electrolyte – a liquid or gel that contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis. Materials The materials and equipments that are needed for the experiment are: * Pennies (4) Nickels ( 4) * Mild dish soap * Vinegar (any kind, 1/4 C. ) * Salt (1 Tbsp. ) * Small bow * Small plate (ceramic, plastic, or Styrofoam not paper or metal) * Digital multimeter (any kind that reads mA and mV) Samatra, Ragus 4 * Paper towels (2) * Scissors The procedures for the experiment are: 1. In a small bowl, mix together 1/4 C. of vinegar (electrolyte) and 1 Tbsp. of salt (ions). 2. Using scissors, cut up a paper towel into small squares. 3. Place the small squares to soak in the bowl of salt-vinegar solution, and set them aside. 4.Gather some pennies and nickels, wash with a mild detergent (like dish soap), and dry. 5. Start building your stack on a dry paper towel on your plate. Put down a penny first, then place a square of vinegar-soaked paper towel on top, and then add a nickel. Keep repeating the layers until you have a stack of four coins (alternating pennies, wet paper towel pieces, and nickels), making sure you end with a nickel on top. 6. Attach the leads of the multimeter to t he two ends of the battery by touching one lead to the penny on the bottom and the other to the nickel on the top.Measure the voltage produced by your battery (in millivolts, mV). You can also measure the current produced (in milliamps, mA). Samatra, Ragus 5 7. Repeat the experiment, each time building a battery with a different number of coins. One important rule is to always start with a penny and end in a nickel, so the number of layers of pennies and nickels will always match. The record of the data table: Number of Pennies| Number of Nickels| Voltage (mV)| Current (mA)| 4| 4| 6. 8| 1. 7| 5| 5| 9. 5| 1. 9| 6| 6| 12. 6| 2. 1|The data above shows that number of coins in the pile had affected the amount of electricity produced. The viewer can obviously tell that, why? Because the data shows that the more pennies and nickels you have in yorur pile, the more amount of electricity you can produced. The amount of electricity produced on 4 pennies and nickels is 6. 8, why because the re sistance was 4 and then the current was 1. 7 and the formula for voltage is V=I*R . The amount of voltage in 5 pennies and nickels is 9. 5 and its current was 1. 9. The amount of voltage in 6 pennies and nickels is 12. and its current was 2. 1. Samatra, Ragus 6 Sample Models This image shows the structure of a voltaic pile, which is the first design of a battery that's used to make electricity. It was discovered by Alessandro Volta in 1800. In this experiment, you will make your own version of the voltaic pile using two different types of coins and a salt-vinegar solution. How does a voltaic pile made of money work? Since each coin is made up of a different metal, one metal reacts more strongly than the other, which leaves an electrical potential difference (voltage) between the two types of metals.The question is, how will different numbers of coins affect the amount of electricity produced? By making piles with different numbers of coins and measuring the voltage and current produ ced, you can test the effect of changing the number of coins in the piles. Samatra, Ragus 7 Analysis Amount of the Voltage (Pennies ; Nickels) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 (4 pennies ; nickels) (5 pennies ; nickels) (6 pennies and nickels) The graphs shows that the number of pennies and nickels whether it increase or decrease, it will affect the amount of the voltage (mV).The graph above specifically shows and tell us that increasing the number of nickels and pennies will increase the amount of voltage. In a very short way, the more pennies and nickels the more voltage and current. The formula for voltage was V = I * R, so the formula for current was I = V/R and then the formula for resistance was R = V/I. Samatra, Ragus 8 Conclusion In conclusion, many coins in the pile will make the most electricity, i proved that my hypothesis was right the more coins in the pile, then the more electricity it can produce, because the more electrons you have, the more electricity you will get.The data that I made was connected to the research section because the research section, it tells the reader that can the number of pennies and nickels will affect the amount of the voltage? So my data shows that the number of the pennies and nickels did really affect the amount of the voltage. I will always remember that the more electrons/coins in the pile, the more electricity/voltage it can produced.

Biopure Solution

Biopure Corporation has two new products that are Oxyglobin and Hemopure. Oxyglobin is the first new blood substitute for the veterinary market and is ready for consumer use. Hemopure is another new blood substitute for the human market and it will take two years to launch the product from now on. Ted Jacobs, vice president for Human Clinical Trials, is concerned about creating an unrealistic price expectation for Hemopure by marketing Oxyglobin before Hemopure. On the other hand, Andy Wright, vice president for Veterinary Products, believes that selling Oxyglobin has benefits for the company in terms of generating revenues for the use of launching Hemopure and learning how to market and make mistakes prior to the launch of Hemopure. Carl Rausch, the president and CEO of Biopure Corporation, has to decide if the release of Oxyglobin would be beneficial for the company without jeopardizing the potential of Hemopure. The Solution: I think that launching Oxyglobin has many benefits for the company. For this reason, I agree with Andy Wright’s decision to begin by selling Oxyglobin. Ted Jacobs indicates that the veterinary market is small and price sensitive. He also believes that if the company prices Oxyglobin around $150, it will be very difficult to price Hemopure at $800 because of the huge difference in price for the same product. I disagree with Ted Jacobs because although the production processes and physical characteristics of these two products are identical, Oxyglobin is targeted for the animal market whereas the target customer for Hemopure is the human market. Just because products are identical does not mean that the company prices separately; it is all about the supply and demand. The determining factor of price is the market itself, so Ted Jacobs thinks that Biopure can achieve the price points of $600 to $800. He can only estimate these price points based on the market price. Additionally, even though the veterinary market is small and price sensitive, being the first in any market will make a huge difference and impact the company’s reputation in a positive way if the product satisfies the needs and wants of the consumers. 84% of veterinary doctors complained about the lack of alternatives to the blood transfusion in the marketplace. I believe that this is a big opportunity for Biopure to enter the veterinary market because Oxyglobin has already passed an FDA – approval process specific to the veterinary market. If the competitors want to get a share for animal blood substitutes, they have to wait at least for two years. Waiting for Hemopure to launch both products at the same time will also put the company in a risk because of the possibility of competitors’ entrance to the veterinary market. Once Oxyglobin achieves its purpose for animals and satisfies the veterinary doctors and pet owners, the success of this product will help Biopure to easily launch Hemopure and attract the human market. The Implementation: Andy Wright and his team can have a successful launch for Oxyglobin by implementing the followings: †¢ The Pricing Strategy: Even though the surveys show that veterinarians recommend less-expensive treatments over more-expensive, 90% of pet owners are willing to be informed about all the available alternatives to treat their pets. For this reason, giving the many advantages of Oxyglobin relative to donated animal blood and being the only animal blood substitute in the market, Oxyglobin should carry a premium price of up to $200 per unit. The Distribution Strategy: Instead of making a contract with one of the distributors, Biopure should consider of distributing Oxyglobin by using its salesforces. By doing so, the company does not have to pay 20% of the selling price on a more-established product and 30% of the selling price on a new product. Since the estimated cost of distributing Oxyglobin is $10 to $15 per unit, Biopure would save money compared to the cos t of contracting with one of the distributers which would be $60 per unit.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Working In A Group Psychology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Working In A Group Psychology Essay According to Ian Brooks, â€Å"Organisation behaviour (OB) is the study of human behaviour in organisational contexts with a focus on individuals and group processes and actions†. â€Å"Hence it involves an exploration of organisation and managerial processes in the dynamic context of the organisation and is primarily concerned with the human implication of such activity† (Brooks, 2009). Overview Groups Group has always been a characteristic of human behaviour According to Aronson’s (2007) people is ‘Social Animal’, and often need interaction with others to function effectively as individuals. Definition of Group ‘Two or more people who are perceived by themselves or other as a social entity.’ (Arnold et al, 2005) The Advantages and Disadvantages of Working in a Group for the Individual When people are working in group have to be anticipated each other opinion and individual working alone cannot perform the more efficiently than what gr oup do. So there is some reward as well as weakness for individual working in group. A number of time questions have been raised whether group problem solving is superior, inferior to individual problem solving. (Hoffman, 1965 and Kelley Maier, 1930). Many problems will face by individual in order to achieving a goal. Thus he become handicapped in his approach and also fails to discover a further approach that may work out problem but in group is opposite to this. For examples the group member do not have the same approach that individual thinks but they will contribute by knocking their ruts in thinking in order to solve the problem. Participation in Problem Solving Increases Acceptance Group problem solving authorize participation and influence, it follows that more individuals acknowledge solutions when a group solves the problem than when one person solves it. When one individual solves a problem he still has the task of convincing others. Therefore, when groups solve such prob lems, a greater number of persons accept and feel responsible for making the solution work. Better Comprehension of the Decision Decision made in group is directly utilized by the group member were as when individual make a decision he has to consult with decision maker to the decision-executors. Disadvantages Social Pressure Social pressure is a major force making for agreement good member will accept tends to silence disagreement and favours consensus. Minority opinions in leaderless groups have little influence on the solution reached, even when these opinions are the correct ones (Maier & Solem, 1952). Reaching agreement in a group often is confused with finding the right answer, and it is for this reason that the dimensions of a decision’s acceptance and its objective quality must be distinguished (Maier, 1963).

Constitution High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitution High School - Essay Example a) The overall structure of the executive body is that of a lobbying group, that also acts as an associational interest group. There must be a broad representation of all student clubs, and so each of the members will run according to their party group. This will require each candidate to submit his or her name and their class. b) All members will be voted in with a plurality vote, wherein each candidate must submit his party name and not first name to avoid any discrimination. A photograph of each student will also be included in the ballot. c) Each member of the Legislative branch must adhere to his or her duties, which include: - Putting forth issues of the community and translating them to the executive branch; - Proposing prospective groups for funding from student government, or the university; and - Oversee the finances of the student groups d) all members of the legislative branch will be voted in the second semester of the year to ensure comprehensive understanding of student life and government structure. ARTICLE IV - OFFICE REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENTS a) Any member of office may be brought up on Impeachment charges. If charges are made by another member, a separate judicial court session will be held a week from the date of accusation. b) The judicial court will consist of a prosecutor, defendant, and a judge. Advisors are advised to sit second chair to the prosecutor and defense attorney, who may also be an advisor. c) The judge for the organization will be selected prior to the allegation by a majority vote of the members. d) If the member is deemed guilty, they will then be removed and replaced by the second runner up during elections. ARTICLE V - CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS a) Constitutional Amendments may be added to the Constitution on need basis by the president or vice-president in the president's

Part of a Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Part of a Proposal - Essay Example This is the main reason why discerning customers for cargo, corporate and general aviation consider Willow Run. Over and above, this airport offers services that are comparable to the large airports while at the same time offering conveniences of a small airport. In addition to this, Willow Run Airport manages approximately above 70,000 operations annually and about 200 million pounds of cargo are handled at the airport in every year. This thereby, makes it the 3rd largest airport in the entire Michigan State. To investigate these underlying factors that has led to the damaging of operations in the airport. These factors will help in the improvement and advance aspects of the airport. There is a need analyse its operations before and presently in order to help come up with the appropriate solution to poor performance. This includes research on the service quality, performance and security concerns in the airport. This will help determine whether there is a need to develop the airport in order to bring back high quality operation in the airport and provide customers with advanced comfort. Willow Run presently is subjected to 3 distinctive kinds of maintenance responses. They include Reactive, Preventive and Predictive. The reactive response entails acting in response to a breakdown and sorting it out subsequent to its happening. Preventive response entails restoring fractions or keeping equipment in good condition frequently to decrease the possibility of breakdown. Predictive repairs entails taking a look are equipment features to come up with forthcoming breakdowns and restore the equipment merely when necessary. Equipment that are linked to this responses entail the following: Snow equipment, Pavement repair equipment, Landscaping and Public safety equipment (heavy equipment), Pavement, Bridges, Water and Sewer lines, Fire suppression lines and other equipment open to the

Student Stress - speech presentation (mainly based on the poster) Essay

Student Stress - speech presentation (mainly based on the poster) - Essay Example Stress works in cycles wherein we reach back at the point from where we started therefore stress is probably never ending phenomenon if it is not properly addressed. Stress is therefore for us like a never ending vicious circle which we encounter in everyday life and carry it also in our professional and daily routine life. Stress can have different effects on us and every one of us probably experience some of the effects of this on us. Most common physiological effects include headaches and loose motions, sleeplessness as well as increase in our anger levels. On the physiological side, we often experience loss of interest in our daily activities, aggression as well as showing irritability. On our social front, we find it difficult to socialize and communicate ourselves with our parents as well as our friends, poor performance in the shape of poor grades and a kind of social aloofness which continuously distance us from rest of the world. In order to overcome such situations, we, the students, therefore require support from our parents and teachers, exercise regularly so that our mood remain pleasant as well as increase our rapport with whom we can trust and express our deepest