Article Review on Inside the Wrong Body - 1253 Words

Article Review on â€Å"Inside the Wrong Body† Introduction In the article, â€Å"Inside the Wrong Body† by Carrie Arnold the main topic of study is about interoceptionability in humans. According to Carrie, interoceptionsimply is the knowledge of one’s internal bodily functions (Arnold, 2012). In other words, it is an explanation of an individual’s ability to be able to understand their internal body functions and relate it to the external images. Generally, this topic of study is very important since it helps individuals understand the reason why their bodies. For instance, the study simply tries to educate people on the importance of having high interoceptionability. Hence, informing people that by knowing their inner selves and bodily†¦show more content†¦In other words, the article has both strengths and weaknesses; however, the strengths of the article overwhelm the weaknesses of the article. For instance, in the article, Carrie does not only give information, but also provides evidence by givi ng real life examples and research studies that have been done on the issue of discussion. Further, Carrie makes the article valid by creating a clear understanding of the subject matter to the reader. For instance, Carrie begins the article by providing a clear definition of the key word ‘interoception’ and relates it to the bodily functions, then explains how an individual’s inability to interoception creates many problems to them, especially health related problems (Arnold, 2014, April 17). Additionally, the article has been made stronger since the discussions are grouped into different sections. This enables a reader distinguish clearly between various discussions hence there is no confusion during reading. However, what makes the article much valid is the fact that Carrie has provided examples based on research studies done as evidence to her insinuations. Despite, the strengths, the major weakness of the article is that the author has failed to provide nega tive information concerning the subject matter. In other words, Carrie only focuses on proving to people that the subject matter has some sense. This is right in a literal work, but there must be some contradicting information thatShow MoreRelatedCommunity Verse Law Enforcement Has A Big Conflict Between1635 Words   |  7 Pagespolice car. They had release another method to equip police officers with body worn cameras and this camera will have a better view when police officer interact with citizens. Police officers should wear body cameras because it will enforce officer accountability, earns back public trust, and provides evidence in court when a witness may not be able to provide. Police departments believe that after equipping the officers with body cameras, officers will control their anger better and will have accountabilityRead MoreWhy Cancer Is Not Contributing With Onespecific Factor1581 Words   |  7 Pagescollected my methodology from medical articles and Biology book and Biology, medicals blogs. From that I concluded, that is cancer is not contributing with onespecific factor, it controlled by different reasons. Introduction: There is a mystery in Cancer. You are not smoker and you always use sunblock cream; you are healthy person and you lead a healthy life choses but one day you don t feel well , your body leading a war against, you are body is burning from fever and nothing seriousRead MoreDiscrimination Based On The Way People Look, Or Perceived By Others Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pages Lookism is discrimination based on the way people look, or perceived by others. 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By theRead MoreIs Medical Marijuana Really Safe For You?966 Words   |  4 PagesIs Medical Marijuana Really Safe For You? In Carrie Shortsleeve’s article, â€Å"The Truth About Medical Marijuana†, she is writing to those who are curious about the use of marijuana for medical purposes. Doctors and Scientists everywhere have been studying the use of marijuana for years and question the medical use of it every day. Some doctors and scientists are ready for it to be legalized in their states so that they can administer the drug as soon as tomorrow. While others are 100 percent againstRead MoreOverview Of Robotic Surgery765 Words   |  3 Pagestraditional incisions (Robotic Gynecologic Surgery, 2012). The utilization of robots in surgery has only come about inside the past twenty five years. The first use of a robot surgery was in neurosurgery. 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Scholarly articles that are published in a professional community are quite similar to scholarly articles that are not published in a professional community. â€Å"The Class Collage† by Jeff Sommers is an article that’sRead MoreMens Rights Concerning Abortion Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagesway to discontinue a pregnancy that a female decides she is not wanting to proceed with. Harris makes an argument on a number of cases where a female lies to her companion about pursuing a life involving birthing an infant. In the Decision To Abort article it states, â€Å"Harriss argument for this position rests on his discussion of a series of cases in which a woman lies to her partner about her desire to have children. She then becomes pregnant, accidentally. Upon learning of her pregnancy, her partnerRead MoreLucille Johnson Murder Case Study1470 Words   |  6 Pagesan article, â€Å"Johnson was severely beaten, suffered a fractured skull, 24 broken ribs, and received numerous blows to the head. An autopsy revealed that she died from strangulation and blunt force trauma† (Evans, 2014). Johnson laid in her home until the nex t day because no one knew that anything was wrong. On February 2, 1991, Johnson’s daughter, Shirley England, â€Å"went to her mother’s house because the family couldn’t get her on the phone. When England arrived, she found her mother’s body† (McFallRead MoreThe Truth About Princesses in Fairy Tales830 Words   |  4 Pagesadorable dresses; cute shoes , baby clothes that say â€Å"princess† on it and either a bow or a bedazzled head band, perhaps a room that is nothing but pink, letters on her wall over looking her crib saying â€Å"Mommy’s little Princess†. There is nothing wrong with spoiling your baby girl. But as time goes her idea of her gender role begins to develop. Buying her princess toys, surrounding her with pink, and watching the Disney movies about how princesses are beautiful, always gets her prince charming, and

Themes Of The Great Gatsby And The Things They Carried

Christopher Schmidt Skillman Am Lit 5 May 2015 The Theme of Transformation in Various Texts In the texts Huck Finn, The Great Gatsby, and The Things They Carried, a major theme is the transformation of self, which happens through choice, through experience, or a combination of both. In The Great Gatsby, Jay makes the conscious choice to transform himself from the poor farmer boy, which he was born as, into an Oxford-educated rich millionaire, all so that he could win the heart of a girl. In Huck Finn, Huck ends up on a raft with a slave named Jim, and through the course of the whole story Huck experiences events that ultimately transform him from a young southern boy into a young adult knowing right from wrong by how he reacts to these experiences with Jim. Finally, in The Things They Carried, Jimmy Cross makes the conscious decision not necessarily to transform himself, but to take on responsibilities after the death of one of his men which in turn force change upon him. These responsibilities transform him. In The Great Gatsby, a prominent underlying theme is self transformation, or the reinventing of oneself. Throughout the book Gatsby is not what he says he is. He made up his whole life story in order to impress a girl he falls in love with before he is sent off to war. Jay Gatsby sets out to completely reinvent himself in every way, starting with his name. Growing up in the midwest, he was James Gatz, son of poor a poor farmer. In the text, the characters thatShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried And The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1507 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout literary history, one main theme most writers favor to focus on is the human condition. The Things They Carried and The Great Gatsby are just two examples of many written in which this theme is present. The Things They Carried, written by Tim O Brien, is about O Brien telling his personal experiences and stories of the Vietnam War, and how the soldiers are fighting two wars, a war with the Viet Cong and a war with themselves. The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is setRead MoreThemes of The Great Gatsby Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is a story that has many different themes. Fitzgerald shows the themes that he uses through his character’s desires and actions. This novel has themes in it that we deal with in our everyday life. It has themes that deal with our personal lives and themes that deal with what’s right and what’s wrong. There are also themes that have to do with materialistic items that we deal desire on a daily basis. Fitzgerald focuses on the themes of corrupted love, immoralityRead MoreThe Sensible Thing, by F. Scott Fitzgerald1643 Words   |  7 PagesA Sensible Man with Sensible Writing The Sensible Thing, by F. 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In a similar way, the main characters of The Great Gatsby are divided into the following social classes; the old money, the newly- rich and theRead MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby1605 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald utilizes many universal and timeless themes to make the novel a classic. He emphasizes that most people lack insight and can not see the truth. To the majority of the society, the reality is an illusion that they create in their minds. The characters, events, setting, symbols and imagery contribute to establishing this theme. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Myrtle Wilson, a woman of ludicrous ostentation, yearns to escape her class to enter the higher ranksRead MoreHow Women Are Portrayed in F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby1636 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Great Gatsby hedonism, consumerism and materialism plays a huge part in the portrayal of women. Alongside with this comes the American Dream. Before the 1920’s the American dream was based on equality, however a different dream was developed during the 1920’s that contradicted this idea of equality as instead they strived to be rich. Fitzgerald presents women to be victims of this dream and channels this through Myrtle. She is a key character as she shows who suffers from the American dreamRead MoreRelationship Between Myrtle And Tom1062 Words   |  5 Pages Marriage and relationships in ‘The Great Gatsby’, can be said to be portrayed in many different ways throughout the novel while developing the characters and the plot. It can also be said that the nature of the relationships are used by Fitzgerald to present a judgment on the state of the society they were happening in, New York in the 1920’s. It could also be a more general view on the morals and values of America and the way in which the society has evolved and been corrupted. The relationshipRead MoreRole Of Women In The Great Gatsby1065 Words   |  5 Pagescommon characteristics and can be grouped together by a common theme. Marginalization is the treatment of a person, group or concept as insignificant. Social groups, such as women, are often marginalized from the rest of society due to unequal views on women. Gender marginalization stems from the concept that men and women are not created equal leading to disparate conduct and views of a gender. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, gender roles are clearly recognized and the female being isRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesGatsby and Motifs Throughout the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, F. Scott Fitzgerald used a lot of different motifs and themes to symbolize to help see the reality behind Gatsby and the other characters in the novel including Daisy. The author uses various colors and physical places such as the green light at Daisy’s dock as Gatsby’s unattainable dream of being with Daisy while the Eyes of T.J Eckleburg in the valley of ashes to portray as God’s eyes as well as the reader’s eyes watching Gatsby yearn forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1437 Words   |  6 PagesJacob Levy Language Arts 3/29/16 Gatsby Paper The Impact of Money Money plays a huge role throughout this book. Especially in a negative way. Let us look at how money affects each character. First is Tom who is born into a rich family, was a great football player and became an old man with thinning hair and an awful, arrogant and cruel personality. This exposes to us that Tom is a cruel and immoral individual because of wealth and that beyond a doubt he has been persuaded and corrupted by the greed

Beloved By Tori Morrison A Book Of Ghosts With Love,...

The idea that everyone needs love, compassion, and the feeling of belonging prescribes to everyone. Everyone needs a family. Even ghosts. In the stories, novels, and poems that we have discussed in class, the ghosts are attached to family or to a specific loved one. Michael Newton tells us that this is true for all ghost stories. In Beloved by Tori Morrison, Beloved comes back to be with her family and to make a connection with her family. In The Readjustment by Mary Austin Emma Jeffries had come back from the dead to haunt her husband Sim. In Turn of the Screw by M.R James the valet and old governess comes back. Even Shakespeare intertwined ghosts with love in his play Macbeth. Every ghost story involves a family or significant other being haunted or watched over by a loved one. In Michael Newton’s Introduction to the Penguin Book of Ghost Stories, he states that â€Å"when ghosts come back they are attached to a person or place.† This is relevant in all of the storie s that we have discussed in class. The ghosts don t just come back to be back, they come back for a reason. In The Readjustment the wife comes back to haunt her husband because of the way he acted after she passed. In Beloved, Beloved comes back to be with her mother and the rest of her family. In Turn of the Screw, the valet and governess come back to be with the children that they watched her before passing. The ghosts were â€Å"stuck† in this world until they were able to say goodbye or hear what they needed to

Essay about Japanese Baseball Nippon Professional Baseball

Baseball has homegrown roots here in America. Starting in 1839 it instantly became a phenomenon that still captures American hearts and attention spans today. The Japanese created their own league called the Nippon Professional Baseball in 1920. Though they borrowed the idea and sport, there are key differences in how the game is played on the tiny island nation. In true Japanese fashion, they took an idea making innovations and improvements to create something resembling the past but yet having differences to stand on its own. The Nippon league and the Major League Baseball (MLB) possess similarities in regard to rules. Both countries along with countless other nations wear uniforms that all parallel one another. The physical game is†¦show more content†¦It gives American players more experience and a shot to play for a major league organization. Often paid more than minor league players but less than major leaguers, American players come to play on the island to gain more experience and a longer career than a U.S. player would. But once they come to play here American players get culture shock. Besides the obvious differences, American players are given different values to uphold than back in America. American players are often overshadowed by Japanese players even if their stats are better. The Japanese managers do want to win and have American players do well but they would rather a Japanese player hit home runs and help the team over Americans. This steams from Japanese culture which has remained unchanged for many centuries. Japanese culture is centralized around harmony and balance. Japanese teams do not want American players to outshine others. If a player hits multiple home runs an umpire will expand or shrink the strike zone for American players so they don’t hit as many home runs to balance them with the other players and team. No singular team wants to â€Å"crush† another. This is why playing for a tie is important in Japan b ecause through ties honor is neither gained nor lost. For championships a team will win only a few games over another, whereas American teams, will often win ten or more games more overall than their opponent.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Japanese Baseball1266 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese Baseball Japanese Baseball has existed in Japan since 1873. It first appeared amid the social, cultural and technological spasms Japan endured on the heels of the Meiji restoration. The game began as a club sport; Japans first team was the Shinbashi Athletic Club Athletics (composed mostly of people associated with Japans first railroad which ran from Shinbashi, in Tokyo, to Yokohama). 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Chapter 14 Section 3 Free Essays

Terms Names * Andrew Carnegie- a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist. * Vertical Integration-a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product. * Horizontal Integration- the merging of companies that make similar products. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 14 Section 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social Darwinism- an economic and social philosophy—supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection—holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest. * John D. Rockefeller- an American oil magnate. * Sherman Antitrust Act- a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.Samuel Gompers- an English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history (founded AFL). * American Federation of Labor (AFL)- an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886. * Eugene V. Debs- an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)- a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905. * Mary Harris Jones- a prominent American labor and community organizer, who helped co-ordinate major strikes and co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World. 2. Main Idea 3. Do you think that the tycoons of the late 19th century are best described as ruthless robber barons or as effective captains of industry?I believe that the tycoons of the late 19th century are best described as effective captains of industry because they were never committing any crimes to achieve the immense amounts of money they made. More importantly they didn’t keep the money for themselves (proves their unselfishness). They donated their money to organizations that were beneficial for others, not themselves. How to cite Chapter 14 Section 3, Papers

Fire Emergency Drill Essay Example For Students

Fire Emergency Drill Essay CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Fire safety is everybody’s concern. Poor fire safety practices and improper planning for fire emergency can consequently lead to critical situations. This is more threatening particularly for buildings which accommodate laboratories, chemical stores or server rooms. Observance and application of fire prevention principles can help to reduce or eliminate potential fire hazards. Moreover, much emphasis must be put on elaboration of a well designed emergency plan that defines the appropriate procedures to be followed in case of a fire. Implementation and practice of this plan through fire emergency drills is vital. The main focus of this study being importance of fire drills and setting up of an emergency plan, I proceed to present an overview of the importance of performing fire drills and the roles and responsibilities of participants. In a general view, performing fire drills allow all persons to practice their respective roles and also gain experience in these assigned roles; better knowledge and confidence is acquired so as to evacuate the institution in a safely manner. Practice of fire emergency drills can also help in improving the academic institution’s â€Å"system† for managing fire emergencies. Further in this study, we shall have a more detailed view about performing fire drills. 1. 2 Aims and objectives of this study are: * To highlight the importance of performing fire drills. * To have a better knowledge of fire hazards and the classes of fire associated to the respective fire hazard. * To understand the need for fire safety and principles of fire prevention. * To identify different means of fire detection and fire fighting in a building. To have a brief overview of roles and responsibilities of different persons during a fire drill exercise. * To learn more about the means of escape. * To identify and understand the different steps in preparing and writing procedures of a fire emergency plan. * To observe and locate through a walk through audit, any shortcomings in terms of fire fighting and fire prevention. * To make recomm endations for the improvement of the current available means of fire fighting and fire prevention. CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction In the literature review below, we shall discuss about the principles of fire prevention, the types of fires hazards, the different classes of fire, the means for fire detection and fire warning, the existing ways for fighting fires and finally, the means of fire escape. 2. 2 Fire hazards A fire hazard situation is created when there are risks of harm and damage to people and property respectively, due to fire. There are many ways through which fire hazards can cause fires to start. However, the general principle for a fire to start is, when there is a combination of the following three sources: ignition source, fuel and oxygen. Sources of ignition include any source of heat that can get hot enough to ignite materials. Some examples are: * Hot surfaces * Naked flames and hot gases * Mechanically created sparks in grinding or frictional processes for example. * Poor electrical installations; damaged cables * Electromagnetic fields from high frequency installations. * Ionizing radiation * Chemical reactions whereby heat is developed. * Chemical substances * Lighting equipment (Henkel, 2001) Anything that burns easily can be seen as a source of fuel. In an educational institution, some sources of fuel may include the following: * Flammable gases and liquefied petroleum gas * Flammables liquids, solvents and chemicals * Paper and books * Teaching materials * Waste products and litter * Cleaning agents * Carpet tiles. (HM Government, 2006) The major source of oxygen is air. Air is present in an enclosed building and can be introduced or extracted to and from the building through the use of extraction systems. Additional oxygen can be provided by oxidizing chemicals and from gas cylinders used to store oxygen. Below is a list of some other common fire hazards. (HM Government, 2006) * Electrical hazards * Broken sockets and switches * Faulty plugs * Overloaded sockets and circuits * Problems with lighting fixtures * Inadequate insulation of cables * Housekeeping hazards * Trash and scraps * Sawdust * Obstructed emergency exits * Friction hazards * Damaged machine parts * Insufficient lubricant Wrong adjustment for moving parts of machine * Process or operation-related hazards * Work operations involving the use of open flame and which create spark, for example: welding. Ignition of combustibles due to molten metal. * Operations involving the evolution of flammable vapors. * Storage hazards * Insufficient ventilation in chemical store rooms for example. * Failure to store incompatibles separately in different storage cabinets. * storage of flammables near to heat. * Smoking hazards * Not taking into account â€Å"No Smoking† signs. * Smoking in chemical store rooms or near to flammabl es * Throwing cigarettes or matches everywhere (Henkel, 2001) 2. 3 Classes of fire When fighting fires, it is necessary to choose the right type of fire extinguisher. The choice of the fire extinguisher is based on the class of fire which depends upon the material being burnt in the fire. Table 1 gives a summary of the classes of fire and the type of burning material or fuel source. Table 1: Classes of fire Fuel source| CLASSES OF FIRE| | Labels| American| European/ Australian/ Asian| Ordinary combustiblesPaper, wood, trash, textiles, fibrous materials| | A| A| Flammable liquidsSolvents, paints, grease, waxes, petrol, oil, tar, thinnerFlammable gasesButane, methane, propane| | B| B| | | | C| ElectricityLive electrical equipment| | C| E| Combustible metalsMagnesium, potassium, aluminium, sodium, titanium| | D| D| Cooking oilsVegetable oils, animal oils or fats at high temperatures| K| F| Source: Gielle Srl, 2003 2. 4 Means of fire fighting Fire fighting is the act of extinguishing a fire. Fires can be extinguished with the help of various equipments such as fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, fire hose reels, fire blankets and other fire suppression systems. Let us have an overview of all these means and their applications. 2. 4. 1Portable fire-fighting equipment Two types of portable fire-fighting equipment are fire blankets and fire extinguishers. . 4. 1. 1 Portable fire extinguishers Fire extinguishers are a form of active fire protection. Portable fire extinguishers do not weigh much and are easily portable by hand. They are normally fixed to the wall, in a place whereby they can be easily visible and accessed by anyone. When selecting the appropriate fire extinguisher, it is essential to consider the fire ext inguisher agents, since each type or class of fire can be best fought with a specific extinguishing agent. Below, table 2 describes the different types of portable extinguishers and the classes of fire they are used for. Table 2: Different types of fire extinguisher Type of extinguisher| Extinguishing agent| Class of fire used for| 1. | | Dry chemical fire extinguisherMono ammonium phosphatesodium bicarbonatepotassium bicarbonate| A,B,CB,CB,C| 2. | | Foam extinguisherAqueous Film Forming Foam | A,B| 3. | | Water extinguisherAir-water pressurized| A| 4. | | Carbon dioxide extinguisherCarbon dioxide| B,C| 5. | | Halon extinguisherhalotron| A,B,C| Source: University of California, 2010 1. Dry powder extinguisher Dry chemical extinguishers generally stops the chemical reaction and extinguishers the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen. Mono ammonium phosphate is more corrosive than the other dry chemical agents. It is able to melt at 177 degrees Celsius to suppress a fire. * Sodium bicarbonate is the first dry chemical agent that has been developed. It is used for class B and C fires, but is ineffective for class A fires. * Potassium bicarbonate is the most effective dry chemical agent, since it i s able to decrepitate; the powder cracks and break into small particles. It is used in class B and C fires. * Uses: Schools, laboratories, kitchens, hospitals. 2. Foam extinguisher Foam normally creates a film and floats on flammable liquids (petrol and diesel), preventing oxygen to reach the fuel. Thus, preventing reignition or flashback. Uses: Used in workshops, laboratories. 3. Water extinguisher Air- pressurized water extinguisher is commonly used in extinguishing class A fires, since it is cheap and harmless. The extinguisher contains water, which is non- conductive and a compressed gas. It can be applied from a considerable distance to extinguish a fire. On use, it cools the surface of the burning material by removing heat. Cleaning up operation after suppressing a fire is easy. Uses: Stockrooms, offices, school. 4. Carbon dioxide extinguisher Carbon dioxide, a non-flammable gas is stored as a compressed liquid. On expansion, it cools the surroundings. In fact, the fire is overcome by displacement of oxygen. No cleaning up is needed, as there is no residue left after use. Uses: Laboratories, computer rooms, food storage areas. 5. Halon extinguisher Halogl I is a vapourizing liquid which has the ability to inhibit a chemical reaction in a fire. It leaves no residue after use, hence no need for cleaning up, and it is non –conductive. Uses: computer rooms, telecommunication areas. United States Department of Labor, 2010) 2. 4. 1. 2 Sand buckets The fire sand bucket is a simple fire fighting means. It is usually filled with sand or another substance, known as flamezorb. The bucket has a lid and it is preferable to use one which is made of steel, instead of plastic, since plastic may crack easily. Fire buckets are cheap and easy to use. They must be locate d in a clearly visible place and also be well labeled. Sand is used in case of spills of flammable liquids or in oil fires, since it is able to suffocate the fire. Fire sand buckets may be present in laboratories or kitchens. In laboratories, two sand buckets may be available for use, complemented by the fire extinguishers. (Fire and safety centre, 2007) 2. 4. 1. 3 Fire blankets A fire blanket can be used to suppress a starting fire. The blanket is made of wool, treated with a flame retardant liquid. In case of fire, it is placed either on the burning material or surrounds the burning object. It acts by preventing oxygen to reach the object. The fire blanket is large and must be present for use in laboratories. It should also be visible and easily accessed. 2. 4. 2 Fixed fire fighting systems Fixed fire fighting systems can be installed in a building, particularly in places whereby fire hazards are present and where fires have a higher potential to occur, for example in laboratories or in server rooms. 2. 4. 2. 1 Fire hose reel Fire hose reel can be used to combat a fire, in addition to fire extinguishers. However hose reels must be located so that it can reasonably be accessed in fire emergencies. They are normally fixed to the wall. They must be used by trained people/ staff in an organization for example. With a fire hose reel, the direction and the flow of water can be controlled by a control nozzle. 2. 4. . 2 Sprinkler system Peter Bressington describes a sprinkler as being a â€Å"water-filled pipe-work fitted with thermal devices which discharge water in response to a fire†. (Bressington, 2010) Sprinklers are considered as a means of active fire protection. They are effective in controlling or suppressing fires, depending on its type. They can be installed i n any kind of premises: * Hotels * Educational institutions * Store rooms * Health care centre. They are useful in protection of lives and property. They can help to slow down the spread of a fire and hence are considered as a means to contribute to fire protection. In brief, other advantages of using a sprinkler system are: * Reduction in use of portable fire fighting equipment * To decrease temperature * To control the fire size and quantity of smoke produced Moreover, some other types of sprinklers are available, not only as fire protection equipment, but also as fire-fighting equipment. These are referred to as fire suppression sprinkler systems. Table 3 gives a quick view of types of fire suppression sprinkler systems, extinguishing agent, mode of action and uses. Table 3: Different types of suppression sprinkler systems Types of fire suppression sprinkler system| Extinguishing agent used| Mode of action| Uses| 1. Wet pipe suppression system| Water| The system is simple and reliable and is commonly used. It consists of a water source, control valves, system drains, alarms, pipes and sprinkler heads. Water is always present in pipes. As soon sprinkler heads open, water flows from them. | Used in warehouses, manufacturing industries, schools, libraries and activity centre. | 2. Dry pipe suppression system| Water| This system is the second most common one used after the wet pipe system. The piping contains pressurized air. As the sprinkler head open, there is a slight delay in the release of water, since the air must come out first, followed then by water. | In warehouses, parking garages, places exposed to freezing; refrigerated coolers. | 3. Deluge suppression system| Water| In this system, sprinklers are open, but water is not present in the piping. Consequently, a â€Å"deluge valve† prevents water from forcing into the pipes. As the system is operated by smoke or heat detectors, water flows into the piping and out of the sprinklers. | Used in building openings to decrease the speed of travel of fire. | 4. Preaction suppression system| Water| This system is a bit similar to dry system. A preaction valve is used instead of a deluge valve, but both valves perform the same function. In preaction system, a leak and loss of air in the piping result in the activation of a trouble alarm, which prevents preaction valve from opening, thus no water entering into the pipings. | To protect places where accidental activation of the system is unwanted; In museums, In computer rooms| 5. Foam water suppression system| Water and a mixture of foam| This system releases a mixture of foam and water, resulting in a foam spray on the flammable liquids. To deal with special types of hazards such as flammable liquids. | 6. Water spray suppression system| Water | This system is identical to the deluge system. However, it is designed to protect only one configured hazard, in contrast with deluge systems, designed to cover a horizontal area for example. | Protection of hazards. Example: (i). To protect electrica l transformers containing oil for cooling or turbo generator bearings. (ii). Provide external protection to tanks containing flammable materials by cooling the tank and its content, so as to avoid fire. | 7. Case Study on South Delaware Coors, Inc EssaySome examples of roles allocated to them are: * One person or a group of persons may be responsible for one floor or one department. * Helping every occupant to evacuate the area safely, giving special considerations to disabled persons and visitors. * Notifying the fire services. * Record the time taken for evacuation. * Making sure that no one has remained inside. * Organize a head count at the assembly point. 4. 6 Training Before carrying out the fire drill exercise, all members of the committee and other occupants of the building must be given training. Training sessions will help occupants of the building to: * know details of the building’s emergency plan * know two escape routes from their work area to go outside the building; primary and secondary exit. * Identify the location of Break Glass Units, fire fighting equipments and exit doors. * Know how to activate the alarm. * Recognize the sound of the alarm. * Understand the importance of reporting to the assembly point. 4. 7 Pre-drill actions * Choose which department(s) will respond to the fire emergency; one department at a time or all the three departments together. Announce the time and date on which the fire drill exercises will be conducted, so as to inform all occupants of their duty to participate * Remind designated persons about their roles. * Set the targeted time taken to evacuate the building/ premises. * Post respective floor plans at specific locations on each floor of the building ;near staircases * Prepare feedback forms for members of the committee, othe r participants and visitors. * Designate persons for collection of feedback forms. 4. 8 Fire drill procedures . 8. 1 Reporting a fire On discovering a fire, the person must: * Alert other persons around him by shouting â€Å"Fire! Fire! Fire! * Raise the alarm by breaking the break glass unit located near each staircase. This will activate the alarm and the horns present in the corridors will make other occupants aware of fire emergency. 4. 8. 2 Actions on hearing the alarm When hearing and recognizing the alarm sound, * Students, lecturers and other occupants must stop working and switch off any electrical apparatus in use. Those at ground floor must remain calm and proceed along the primary or secondary exit routes to the fire exit doors, guided by fire wardens, who will also record the time taken for evacuation. * Others on the first or secondary floors must also remain calm, go downstairs and follow the escape routes to go out of the building. * Responsible and respective perso ns must ensure that all the floors have been evacuated. * Along escape routes, people with difficulties must be assisted. * Go immediately to the designated assembly area. * Vehicles should be moved to provide free access and space for the Fire services. United States Department of Labor, 2010) 4. 8. 3 Disabled persons * During the fire drill, persons who have been assigned the responsibility of helping disabled persons, should help the latter to evacuate the building safely. 4. 8. 4 Calling the Fire Services * The fire services must be called on 115. * Precise information must be provided about: * The location of the fire; on ground floor, first floor or second floor * Where has the fire started (classroom, laboratory or offices) * Name of the calling person * Address of the premises On arrival, the Fire services must be notified about any special risks, such as flammable materials or dangerous equipments in the building. (Government fire services, 2006) 4. 8. 5 Roll call System * At the assembly point, head count is to be done by the selected persons to make sure that no one has remained in the premises. 4. 8. 6 Fire drill ending As the head count has been completed, the termination of the fire drill will be announced. Occupants will be informed as soon as it is safe to re enter the building. (U. S. Department of Homeland ,2009) 4. 9 Evaluation and analysis of the fire drill At the end of the fire drill, feedback forms are collected and analysed. This will help to: * determine the performance of each department. * Identify areas which need improvement and develop an implementation plan for improvements. * Identify strengths and weaknesses of the emergency plan. Hence modify and improve the plan. * See whether evacuation has been carried within the time limit. 4. 10 After action report This report will provide feedback to participants, and recommendations for improvement. 4. 11 Don’ts: * Re enter the building unless you have been instructed to do so. Leave the assembly point until you are told to do so. * Take heavy things or bags during evacuation. * Use lifts CHAPTER 5. RESULTS AND FINDINGS. The walk through audit allowed me to observe and fill in the prepared checklist found in appendix 7. Below is an overview of my observations. * Exit doors * There are a total of 4 exit doors on the ground floor for all the three departments, only 2 exit doors for the first floor and 2 exit doors for the second floor, found on the ground floor. * All the escape routes and exits are free from obstruction. * All doors open in the direction of escape. The doors can be easily opened. * Emergency lighting * There is no emergency lighting in the phase 2 building. * There exists a back-up power supply for the building. * Signs * There are a total of 2 exit signs on each floor, and they are located near the staircases. * There are no signs for direction along escape routes, downstairs and for the location of fire extinguishers, and break glass units. * Fire alarms and evacuation plan * There are no posted evacuation plans. * There is a manual fire alarm system operating in the building. * There are 2 Break Glass Unit on each floor, and are located near the staircase Horns are located at the top of each break glass unit. * There are no strobe lights present in the building. * Firefighting equipments and first aid * No sprinkler system is installe d in the building or risk areas. * There are no hose reels. * There is no first aid box available. * The building does not make use of any automatic fire detection system such as smoke/ gas or heat detectors. * Fire extinguishers are appropriate for their use, but are not clear visible and are insufficient in number. * Fire blankets are not easily accessible and visible. | | | CHAPTER 6. SHORTCOMINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From the findings in chapter 5, I have been able to set up a list of shortcomings and make recommendations in this respect. 6. 1 Ground floor * Evacuation plans should be posted; 2 in the Engineering department near the two main exit doors, and one in the CITS department. * More fire extinguishers should be available and appropriate for use, especially in the laboratories. * Water sprinklers can be installed in the thermodynamics laboratory and chemical laboratories * Automatic fire detectors can be installed in laboratories * Exit doors should be clearly indicated by an ext sign. Direction of escape along escape routes must be shown by appropriate signs. * Hose reels should be installed because of risky areas at ground floor level. * Sings can be placed to indicate the fire alarm break glass unit and location of fire extinguishers. * An exit door in the chemical engineering laboratory is obstructed. * Doors which do not serve as exit must be indicated by â€Å"Not an exit sign† * Fire blankets should be placed in a visible place. 6. 2 First floor and second floor * More fire extinguishers are needed in the corridor along the escape routes and in classrooms and laboratories. Smoke detectors can be placed in lecture rooms, and laboratories. * An automatic fire suppression system should be installed in the computer laboratories. * There should be more than two exit staircases. With reference to the fire services guidelines for the service sector, chapter 3. 8, an alternative means of escape (staircase) made of metal or a non- combustible material can be provided for the first floor and the second floor. * Exit signs for doors and emergency signs for direction of escape must be placed. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESEARCH This study has helped in setting up procedures for a fire emergency. It is important to focus on the implementation of the plan. It’s only through implementation that weaknesses and strengths can be identified. Based on weaknesses and limitations of the plan, improvements can be made for a better plan which takes more aspects into considerations. Later on, the fire drill exercise based on the emergency guidelines provided in this study can be carried out. Necessary modifications would then be able to be made to perfect the plan. Through the carrying out of the walk through audit, identification of what is needed in terms of fire-fighting equipment, fire warning devices, location and number of exit doors has been made. In the future, provision can be made to fill up all this gaps, for a better and safer building. REFERENCES 1. Artim, N. (2006) Northeast Document Conservation Centre, EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT: An Introduction to Fire Detection, Alarm, and Automatic Fire Sprinklers. 2. Bressington Peter, 2010. Fire safety engineering: The definitive magazine for the fire safety community. Sprinklers in context: performance based design. . BS 5839: part 1: 1988 Testing and maintenance Available at: http://www. ttsfire. co. uk/guide-bs5839. PDF 4. Detection design, 2009 5. Fire Protection Online Ltd, 2010: fire blankets Available at http://www. fireprotectiononline. co. uk/fire-blankets/ 6. Fire protection for the home and business. Fire extinguisher: 101, fire extinguishing agents Available at: http://www. fire-extin guisher101. com/index. html 7. Fire and Safety Centre, 2010. Fire buckets, Available at http://www. fireandsafetycentre. co. uk/Products/Fire_Buckets/ 8. Gielle Srl, 2003. Inergen fire suppression system 9. Gielle Srl, 2003. Fire safety planning for industrial occupancies 10. Government Fire services, 2006. Guidelines Fire Safety: construction of buildings. 11. Government Fire Services, 2006. Guideline Fire Safety: Service Sector. 12. Henkel KGaA, 2001. VTS: procedure, Solvents, Annex 3: Explosive Atmosphere, Ignition Sources, Related Hazards and General Precautions 13. HM Government, 2006. Fire safety risk assessment: educational premises, Department for Communities and Local Government. 14. Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2005 15. Reed Construction Data, 2010. Smartbuilding Index: fire suppression sprinkler system. Available at: http://www. reedconstructiondata. com/smartbuildingindex/ 16. University of California, Berkeley, 2010. California-Arizona Consortium Labor Occupational Health Program – Hazardous Waste Project: fire and incompatibles 17. United States Department of Labor, 2010. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: evacuation plans and procedures: extinguisher basics. Available at: http://www. dol. gov/ 18. United States Department of Labor,2010. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: evacuation plans and procedures: fire detection system Available at: http://www. dol. gov/ 19. United States Department of Labor,2010. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: evacuation plans and procedures: employee alarm system. Available at: http://www. osha. gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/eap. html 20. U. S. Department of Homeland Security, 2009. Federal Emergency Management Agency: emergency management guide. Available at: http://www. fema. gov/business/guide/section3a. shtm 21. United States Department of Labor, 2005. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: How to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations. Available at: http://www. osha. gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/eap. html

The New Jim Crow free essay sample

In Michelle Alexander’s book â€Å" The New Jim Crow†, she shows how America’s â€Å" War on Drugs â€Å" has become a tool of racial segregation and how the discretionary enforcement of drug laws has resulted in an overwhelmingly negative affect on its black population. In the early days of colonial America, slavery was not as common as we would think. The primary method of securing the cheap labor needed to work the land was through the indentured servitude of both blacks and whites. As plantations grew bigger and needed larger amounts of labor, slavery became the preferred means of obtaining cost-efficient labor and also helped drive a wedge between poor whites and their black counterparts. After the Civil War and the outlawing of slavery, Jim Crow laws were established to maintain the system of racial hierarchy. These laws helped to perpetuate the disenfranchisement of blacks in the South and was regarded by many as a fair and equitable settlement to the question of racial integration in America. They have also allowed helicopters to surveillance homes without a warrant, and the forfeiture of cash and homes based on unproven allegations of illegal drug activity. The Supreme Court have crafted legal rules that allow law enforcement to arrest virtually anyone. In 1968, the Supreme Court modified the understanding, that if an officer believes that someone is dangerous or engaging in criminal activity, that he should conduct a limited search to find weapons that might be used against him. Police now have basically the right to stop and search just about anybody that is walking down the street for drugs, and because common sense indicates that hardly anyone nowadays will say no when police asks to search. Police officers also use pretext stops as an excuse to search for drugs. It allowed police to use minor traffic violations as a pretext for baseless drug investigations and single anyone for investigation without any evidence of illegal drug activity. The truth, however, is that most people who are stopped and searched in the War on Drugs are perfectly innocent of any crime.Law Enforcements are trained to use pretextual traffic stops and consent searches for drug interdiction. This federally- run general searched program, that trained over 25,000 officers in 48 states, targeted people without any cause for suspicion, especially people of low standards. The interesting thing is that, 95 percent of these traffic stops yield no illegal drugs. Because drug-law enforcement wasnt a priority, and with way more serious crimes happening, the law enforcement agencies were given huge cash grants to make drug-law enforcement a priority.The Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistant Program offered millions of dollars in federal aid to every agency who was willing to wage the war. Eventually SWAT teams were formed and are now used for narcotics warrants with forced, and unannounced entry into a persons house. In most drug raids conducted, instead of police arresting these people, the SWAT teams blast into peoples houses in the middle of the night, throwing grenades and pointing guns at children. A lot of innocent people are killed in the middle of these raids.Even with all the cash grants, military equipment and training, the Reagan administration granted state and local law enforcement agencies to keep for their own use, the majority of the cash and assets they seize when waging the drug war. In 1984, Congress allow ed state and local police agencies to retain up to 80 percent of the assets value. This increased the budget of police departments dramatically, who simply just took the cash, cars, and homes of people who were suspected of drug use or sales.Thousands of innocent people every year go to jail without ever talking to a lawyer. Thousands of people are swept into the criminal justice system every year pursuant to the drug war without much regard for their guilt or innocent. Many innocent drug defendants convict themselves every year by accepting a plea bargain out of fear of mandatory sentences. Chapter 3 African-Americans and Latinos all over the United States, are subjected to tactics and practices by law enforcements, especially those that live in poor neighborhoods.The drug war is racially defined, and that is why there is a huge number of African-Americans and Latinos in prisons and jails all across the country. The rate of incarceration for African American drug offenders dwarfs the rate of whites. Even though whites make up the majority of illegal drug users, three-fourths of the people who are imprisoned for drug offenses are black or Latino. Black men have been admitted to state prison on drug charges at a rate that is more than thirteen times higher than white men.Arrests and convictions for drug offenses, not violent crimes, have propelled mass incarceration among African-Americans and Latinos. They are convicted of drug offenses at rates out of all proportion to their drug crimes. The system of mass incarceration has operated in a way to effectively sweep people of color off the streets, lock them in jails, and then release them into an inferior second-class status. When it comes to racial bias in the drug war, research indicates that it was inevitable, and a public consensus was constructed by political and media elites that drug crime is black and brown.Once this black drug crime became conflated in the public consciousness, the black men would be the primary targets o f law enforcements. An 18 year old black kid who was arrested for possession of more than fifty grams of crack, and a first time offender, was sentenced to minimum of ten years in federal prison. His lawyers argued that the law discriminated African Americans, because the majority of those charged with crimes involving crack offenders were black, whereas powder cocaine offenders were predominantly white.An African American, Clyde Cahill, believed that race was the major factor in the crack sentencing laws and policies. He also mentioned that nowadays people have internalized fear of young black men, which has been created by media imagery and has helped to create a national image of the young black male as a criminal. In Georgia, life imprisonment was imposed for second drug offense. Georgias district attorneys who were seeking this penalty, only invoked it against only 1 percent of white defendants facing a second drug conviction but against 16 percent of black defendants.The problem with all this h arsh discrimination and racial bias by the criminal justice system, is that thousands of people have years of their lives wasted in prison, years in which they would be free if they were white. The Supreme Court has ensured the prosecutors the freedom to exercise their discretion in any manner they choose, and this opens the door to claims of racial bias. Another good example of how Blacks and Latinos are overrepresented Christopher Lee Armstrong and his four companions were arrested on conspiracy of cocaine distribution.Armstrong and his companions were black just like every other crack defendant that that office had represented during that year. Of the fifty-three cases the office had handled over the prior three years, forty-eight defendants were black, five were Hispanic, and not a single offender was white, which was shocking because most crack offenders were white. The federal public defendants wanted to prove that federal crack laws were selectively enforced in a racially discriminatory manner and that whites were being diverted by federal prosecutors to the state system, were penalties for crack offenses were far less severe.What no one knows is that the Supreme Co urt has granted the police to discriminate. The legal rules adopted by the Supreme Court guarantee that those who find themselves locked up and permanently locked out due to the drug war are overwhelming black and latino. Chapter 4 Back in 1853, every black person, by law, was considered a slave and could not testify to introduce evidence in court. Even though slavery seems like it has died, the badge of slavery still lives on for thousands of blacks.The impact of the war on drugs has undermined the opportunities for Blacks and Latinos. Once they are labeled felons they are relegated to a permanent second-class status. There is also the harsh punishment for first-time offenders, who even if able to avoid jail time, will find out that, because of their conviction, will be ineligible for federally-funded health and welfare benefits, food stamps, public housing and federal education assistant.The convicted will also have his license suspended and may no longer qualify for employment. In most cases what ends up happening is the ex-offenders end up back in jail because they are no longer accepted by mainstream society, or because they fail to play by rules that seem hopelessly stacked against them. Public Housing agencies were given the right and authority by Congress to use leases in order to evict any public housing tenants who are engaged in criminal activity.Bill Clinton proposed the One Strike and Youre Out legislation, which allowed agencies to automatically evict offenders and it also allowed them to bar applicants believed to be using drugs. This had a huge effect on families, specially African-American and Latino, because with no housing they can lose their children. Because African-Americans and Latinos are targeted by police in the War on Drugs, it is far more likely that they will be arrested for minor, nonviolent crimes. Thousands of people become homeless because they are denied housing assistance or are evicted from their homes.Particularly racial minorities are excluded from public housing because of their criminal record, and most have a hard time finding a place to live after being releases from prison. Landing a job after prison is also difficult. Almost every state allows private employers to discriminate on the basis of past criminal records, by letting the employers deny jobs to people who were arrested but were never convicted of a crime. Most employers just do not want to consider hiring a self-identified criminal.